{"version":"0.2.0","categories":["Launch vehicles","Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","Communication and navigation satellites","Earth observation satellites","Space telescopes and observatories","Planetary probes and orbiters","Landers and entry systems","Rovers and surface mobility","Crewed spacecraft","Space stations and habitats","Spacesuits and EVA","Space infrastructure and power"],
"templates":{
"LV":[{"k":"n","label":"Stages","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":4,"step":1,"def":3,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["stage","stages","stage rocket"]},{"k":"m_pl","label":"Payload","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":0.1,"max":60,"step":0.1,"def":20,"group":"Mission","roles":["payload","carry","lift"]},{"k":"orbit","label":"Target orbit","choices":["LEO","SSO","GTO","TLI"],"def":"LEO","group":"Mission","roles":["orbit","to"]},{"k":"isp1","label":"Stage 1 Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":465,"step":1,"def":290,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["first stage isp","stage 1 isp","booster isp"]},{"k":"isp2","label":"Stage 2 Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":465,"step":1,"def":320,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["second stage isp","stage 2 isp"]},{"k":"isp3","label":"Upper stage Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":465,"step":1,"def":450,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["upper stage isp","third stage isp","stage 3 isp","hydrogen upper stage","isp"]},{"k":"eps1","label":"Stage 1 structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.2,"step":0.005,"def":0.07,"group":"Structure","roles":["first stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"eps2","label":"Stage 2 structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.2,"step":0.005,"def":0.08,"group":"Structure","roles":["second stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"eps3","label":"Upper stage structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.2,"step":0.005,"def":0.1,"group":"Structure","roles":["upper stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"tw","label":"Lift-off thrust-to-weight","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":2.0,"step":0.01,"def":1.3,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["thrust-to-weight","thrust to weight","t/w"]}],
"LV_boost":[{"k":"m_pl","label":"Payload","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":1,"max":25,"step":0.1,"def":15,"group":"Mission","roles":["payload","carry","lift"]},{"k":"orbit","label":"Target orbit","choices":["LEO","SSO","GTO"],"def":"LEO","group":"Mission","roles":["orbit","to"]},{"k":"mode","label":"Booster recovery","choices":["drone ship","return to site","expend"],"def":"drone ship","group":"Mission","roles":["landing","recovery"]},{"k":"v_sep","label":"Staging speed","unit":"km/s","dim":"speed","min":1.5,"max":3.0,"step":0.05,"def":2.3,"group":"Mission","roles":["staging speed","separation","staging"]},{"k":"gam","label":"Flight-path angle at staging","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":25,"max":60,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Mission","roles":["flight-path angle","flight path angle","staging angle"]},{"k":"isp1","label":"First-stage Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":280,"max":320,"step":1,"def":300,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["first stage isp","booster isp"]},{"k":"isp2","label":"Second-stage vacuum Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":320,"max":360,"step":1,"def":348,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["second stage isp","upper stage isp","isp"]},{"k":"eps1","label":"First-stage structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.08,"step":0.001,"def":0.06,"group":"Structure","roles":["first stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"eps2","label":"Second-stage structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.03,"max":0.08,"step":0.001,"def":0.04,"group":"Structure","roles":["second stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"tw","label":"Lift-off thrust-to-weight","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":1.8,"step":0.01,"def":1.35,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["thrust-to-weight","thrust to weight"]},{"k":"f_eng","label":"Thrust per engine","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":400,"max":1200,"step":5,"def":845,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["engine","per engine","thrust"]}],
"LV_sub":[{"k":"m_pl","label":"Payload","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":0.05,"max":10,"step":0.05,"def":4.5,"group":"Mission","roles":["payload","capsule","carry"]},{"k":"apo","label":"Apogee","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":50,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":105,"group":"Mission","roles":["apogee","altitude","to","reach"]},{"k":"isp1","label":"Engine Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":460,"step":1,"def":300,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["isp","engine isp"]},{"k":"eps1","label":"Structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.05,"max":0.45,"step":0.005,"def":0.15,"group":"Structure","roles":["structural ratio"]},{"k":"tw","label":"Lift-off thrust-to-weight","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":3.0,"step":0.01,"def":1.5,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["thrust-to-weight","thrust to weight"]}],
"LV_abort":[{"k":"m_cap","label":"Capsule mass","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":1,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":9,"group":"Capsule","roles":["capsule","crew module","mass"]},{"k":"d_cap","label":"Capsule diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":1.5,"max":6,"step":0.1,"def":5,"group":"Capsule","roles":["diameter","capsule diameter"]},{"k":"f_abort","label":"Abort motor thrust","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":100,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":1800,"group":"Motor","roles":["thrust","motor","abort motor"]},{"k":"t_burn","label":"Burn time","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":1,"max":10,"step":0.1,"def":3,"group":"Motor","roles":["burn","burn time","for"]},{"k":"isp1","label":"Motor Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":280,"step":1,"def":250,"group":"Motor","roles":["isp"]},{"k":"tilt","label":"Tilt from vertical","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0,"max":30,"step":1,"def":8,"group":"Motor","roles":["tilt","angle"]}],
"ENG":[{"k":"pc","label":"Chamber pressure","unit":"MPa","dim":"pressure","min":5,"max":35,"step":0.5,"def":30,"group":"Chamber","roles":["chamber pressure","chamber"]},{"k":"tc","label":"Chamber temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":3000,"max":3800,"step":10,"def":3600,"group":"Chamber","roles":["chamber temperature"]},{"k":"mw","label":"Exhaust molar mass","unit":"kg/kmol","dim":"molar","min":18,"max":24,"step":0.1,"def":22,"group":"Chamber","roles":["molar mass"]},{"k":"gamma","label":"Ratio of specific heats","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":1.25,"step":0.005,"def":1.2,"group":"Chamber","roles":["gamma"]},{"k":"eps","label":"Nozzle area ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":10,"max":200,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["area ratio","expansion ratio"]},{"k":"f","label":"Thrust","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":100,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":2300,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["thrust"]},{"k":"pa","label":"Ambient pressure","unit":"kPa","dim":"pressure","min":0,"max":101.3,"step":0.1,"def":101.3,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["ambient pressure","ambient","back pressure"]}],
"SAT":[{"k":"p_load","label":"Payload power","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":1,"max":25,"step":0.5,"def":10,"group":"Power","roles":["payload power","payload","power"]},{"k":"m","label":"Launch mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":1500,"max":7000,"step":50,"def":5000,"group":"Bus","roles":["launch mass","mass"]},{"k":"life","label":"Design life","unit":"years","dim":"time","min":5,"max":20,"step":1,"def":15,"group":"Bus","roles":["life","lifetime"]},{"k":"f","label":"Downlink frequency","unit":"GHz","dim":"frequency","min":4,"max":30,"step":0.5,"def":12,"group":"Link","roles":["downlink","frequency","band"]},{"k":"d","label":"Antenna reflector diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":1,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":2.5,"group":"Link","roles":["antenna","reflector"]},{"k":"ptx","label":"Power per transponder","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":20,"max":300,"step":5,"def":130,"group":"Link","roles":["transponder","per transponder"]},{"k":"dg","label":"Ground dish diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.45,"max":3,"step":0.05,"def":0.6,"group":"Link","roles":["dish","ground dish","home dish"]},{"k":"lon","label":"Orbital slot longitude","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":-180,"max":180,"step":1,"def":19,"group":"Bus","roles":["longitude","slot"]}],
"CON":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":340,"max":1200,"step":5,"def":550,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","at"]},{"k":"inc","label":"Inclination","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":40,"max":98,"step":0.5,"def":53,"group":"Orbit","roles":["inclination","inclined"]},{"k":"emin","label":"Minimum elevation","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":10,"max":40,"step":1,"def":25,"group":"Orbit","roles":["elevation","elevation mask","mask"]},{"k":"planes","label":"Orbital planes","unit":"","dim":"count","min":10,"max":100,"step":1,"def":72,"group":"Constellation","roles":["planes","plane"]},{"k":"spp","label":"Satellites per plane","unit":"","dim":"count","min":5,"max":60,"step":1,"def":22,"group":"Constellation","roles":["satellites per plane","per plane","satellites"]},{"k":"cap","label":"Capacity per satellite","unit":"Gbit/s","dim":"datarate","min":1,"max":100,"step":1,"def":20,"group":"Constellation","roles":["capacity"]}],
"OBS":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":400,"max":800,"step":5,"def":600,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","at"]},{"k":"d","label":"Aperture","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":1.5,"step":0.01,"def":0.5,"group":"Telescope","roles":["aperture","mirror"]},{"k":"f","label":"Focal length","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":5,"group":"Telescope","roles":["focal length","focal"]},{"k":"p","label":"Pixel pitch","unit":"um","dim":"length","min":3,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":6,"group":"Detector","roles":["pixel","pixels","pixel pitch"]},{"k":"lam","label":"Band centre","unit":"nm","dim":"length","min":450,"max":900,"step":5,"def":650,"group":"Detector","roles":["band","wavelength"]},{"k":"npx","label":"Pixels across track","unit":"","dim":"count","min":2000,"max":40000,"step":100,"def":12000,"group":"Detector","roles":["pixels across","across track"]},{"k":"bits","label":"Bits per pixel","unit":"","dim":"count","min":8,"max":14,"step":1,"def":12,"group":"Data","roles":["bits","bit"]},{"k":"rate","label":"Downlink rate","unit":"Mbit/s","dim":"datarate","min":100,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":800,"group":"Data","roles":["downlink","link"]}],
"TEL":[{"k":"d","label":"Primary mirror diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":1,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":6.5,"group":"Optics","roles":["mirror","primary","aperture","telescope"]},{"k":"n","label":"Focal ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":8,"max":30,"step":0.5,"def":20,"group":"Optics","roles":["focal ratio","f-number"]},{"k":"lam","label":"Wavelength","unit":"um","dim":"length","min":0.6,"max":28,"step":0.1,"def":2,"group":"Optics","roles":["wavelength","observe at","observe","band","at"]},{"k":"px","label":"Pixel size","unit":"um","dim":"length","min":5,"max":30,"step":0.5,"def":18,"group":"Detector","roles":["pixel","pixels"]},{"k":"top","label":"Mirror temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":30,"max":300,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Thermal","roles":["temperature","mirror temperature","cooled to"]},{"k":"layers","label":"Sunshield layers","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":7,"step":1,"def":5,"group":"Thermal","roles":["layers","layer","sunshield"]},{"k":"t","label":"Exposure","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":10,"max":100000,"step":10,"def":1000,"log":true,"group":"Observation","roles":["exposure","integration"]},{"k":"mag","label":"Target brightness (AB mag)","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":15,"max":32,"step":0.1,"def":26,"group":"Observation","roles":["magnitude","mag"]}],
"EP":[{"k":"v","label":"Beam voltage","unit":"V","dim":"voltage","min":300,"max":2000,"step":10,"def":1100,"group":"Thruster","roles":["voltage","beam voltage","grid"]},{"k":"p","label":"Electric input power","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":0.5,"max":10,"step":0.1,"def":2.5,"group":"Thruster","roles":["power","thruster","input power"]},{"k":"eta","label":"Thruster efficiency","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.4,"max":0.75,"step":0.01,"def":0.65,"group":"Thruster","roles":["efficiency"]},{"k":"gas","label":"Propellant","choices":["xenon","krypton","iodine"],"def":"xenon","group":"Thruster","roles":["propellant"]},{"k":"m0","label":"Spacecraft mass at start","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":300,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":1200,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["spacecraft","probe","mass","start"]},{"k":"mp","label":"Propellant mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":50,"max":1000,"step":5,"def":425,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["xenon","krypton","iodine","propellant"]},{"k":"di","label":"Plane change on the spiral to GEO","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0,"max":60,"step":0.5,"def":28.5,"group":"Mission","roles":["plane change","inclination"]}],
"TEL_radio":[{"k":"d","label":"Dish diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":5,"max":600,"step":1,"def":100,"group":"Optics","roles":["dish","diameter","aperture","telescope"]},{"k":"lam","label":"Wavelength","unit":"cm","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":100,"step":0.1,"def":21,"group":"Optics","roles":["wavelength","observe at"]},{"k":"trx","label":"Receiver noise temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":1,"max":200,"step":1,"def":25,"group":"Receiver","roles":["receiver","noise temperature"]},{"k":"bw","label":"Bandwidth","unit":"MHz","dim":"frequency","min":1,"max":8000,"step":1,"def":500,"group":"Receiver","roles":["bandwidth"]},{"k":"t","label":"Integration time","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":10,"max":100000,"step":10,"def":3600,"group":"Observation","roles":["integration","exposure","for"],"log":true},{"k":"flux","label":"Target flux density","unit":"mJy","dim":"fluxdensity","min":0.001,"max":1000,"step":0.001,"def":0.05,"group":"Observation","roles":["flux","source"],"log":true}],
"TEL_xray":[{"k":"d","label":"Outer mirror diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.2,"max":3,"step":0.05,"def":1.2,"group":"Optics","roles":["mirror","diameter","aperture"]},{"k":"graze","label":"Grazing angle","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0.2,"max":2,"step":0.05,"def":0.85,"group":"Optics","roles":["grazing angle","graze"]},{"k":"shells","label":"Nested shells","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":60,"step":1,"def":4,"group":"Optics","roles":["shells","nested"]},{"k":"lam","label":"Wavelength","unit":"nm","dim":"length","min":0.05,"max":10,"step":0.05,"def":1,"group":"Optics","roles":["wavelength"]},{"k":"blur","label":"Mirror blur","unit":"arcsec","dim":"ratio","min":0.1,"max":30,"step":0.1,"def":0.5,"group":"Optics","roles":["blur","resolution"]},{"k":"flux","label":"Source photon flux","unit":"photons/cm²/s","dim":"ratio","min":1e-06,"max":1,"step":1e-06,"def":0.001,"group":"Observation","roles":["flux"],"log":true},{"k":"t","label":"Exposure","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":1000,"max":1000000,"step":1000,"def":50000,"group":"Observation","roles":["exposure","for"],"log":true}],
"TEL_gamma":[{"k":"d","label":"Detector side","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":3,"step":0.05,"def":1.8,"group":"Instrument","roles":["detector","side","size"]},{"k":"egev","label":"Photon energy","unit":"GeV","dim":"ratio","min":0.1,"max":300,"step":0.1,"def":1,"group":"Observation","roles":["energy","gev"],"log":true},{"k":"flux","label":"Source flux (×10⁻⁸ photons/cm²/s)","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.1,"max":1000,"step":0.1,"def":10,"group":"Observation","roles":["flux"],"log":true},{"k":"t","label":"Survey time","unit":"days","dim":"time","min":1,"max":3650,"step":1,"def":30,"group":"Observation","roles":["survey","for"],"log":true}],
"TEL_gw":[{"k":"arm","label":"Arm length","unit":"Gm","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":6,"step":0.1,"def":2.5,"group":"Constellation","roles":["arm","arms","arm length"]},{"k":"laser","label":"Laser power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":0.5,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":2,"group":"Laser","roles":["laser","power"]},{"k":"d","label":"Telescope diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":0.6,"step":0.01,"def":0.3,"group":"Laser","roles":["telescope","diameter"]},{"k":"acc","label":"Test-mass acceleration noise","unit":"fm/s²/√Hz","dim":"ratio","min":1,"max":30,"step":0.5,"def":3,"group":"Test masses","roles":["acceleration noise","noise"]}],
"PRB":[{"k":"m_dry","label":"Dry mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":100,"max":6000,"step":10,"def":1000,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["dry mass","mass","probe","orbiter","spacecraft"]},{"k":"isp","label":"Engine Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":330,"step":1,"def":315,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["isp","engine"]},{"k":"alt","label":"Capture orbit low point","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":500000,"step":1,"def":300,"group":"Arrival","roles":["periapsis","altitude","low point","orbit at"],"log":true},{"k":"ra","label":"Capture orbit high point","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":20000000,"step":1,"def":300,"group":"Arrival","roles":["apoapsis","high point"],"log":true},{"k":"vinf","label":"Approach speed after any flybys (0 = direct)","unit":"km/s","dim":"speed","min":0,"max":15,"step":0.05,"def":0,"group":"Arrival","roles":["approach speed","arrival speed","v-infinity"]},{"k":"pw","label":"Solar array power at 1 AU","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":50,"max":20000,"step":10,"def":2000,"group":"Power and link","roles":["power","array","solar array","arrays","solar arrays","generator","rtg"]},{"k":"dish","label":"High-gain antenna","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":2,"group":"Power and link","roles":["antenna","dish","high-gain"]},{"k":"ptx","label":"Transmitter power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":5,"max":200,"step":1,"def":25,"group":"Power and link","roles":["transmitter"]}],
"PRB_fly":[{"k":"m_dry","label":"Spacecraft mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":100,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":700,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["mass","probe","spacecraft"]},{"k":"c3","label":"Launch energy C3","unit":"km²/s²","dim":"energypm","min":10,"max":250,"step":1,"def":100,"group":"Launch","roles":["c3","launch energy"]},{"k":"fly","label":"Closest approach at the flyby planet","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":1000,"max":3000000,"step":1000,"def":500000,"group":"Gravity assist","roles":["flyby","closest approach","pass"],"log":true},{"k":"pw","label":"Radioisotope power at launch","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":50,"max":1000,"step":5,"def":470,"group":"Power and link","roles":["power","rtg","generator"]},{"k":"dish","label":"High-gain antenna","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":3.7,"group":"Power and link","roles":["antenna","dish"]},{"k":"ptx","label":"Transmitter power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":5,"max":200,"step":1,"def":23,"group":"Power and link","roles":["transmitter"]}],
"PRB_ion":[{"k":"target","label":"Target","choices":["Vesta","Ceres"],"def":"Vesta","group":"Mission","roles":["target"]},{"k":"m0","label":"Spacecraft mass at start","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":300,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":1220,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["mass","probe","spacecraft","orbiter"]},{"k":"mp","label":"Xenon","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":50,"max":1000,"step":5,"def":425,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["xenon","propellant"]},{"k":"v","label":"Beam voltage","unit":"V","dim":"voltage","min":300,"max":2000,"step":10,"def":1100,"group":"Thruster","roles":["voltage","beam voltage"]},{"k":"p","label":"Thruster power","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":0.5,"max":10,"step":0.1,"def":2.5,"group":"Thruster","roles":["thruster","power"]},{"k":"eta","label":"Thruster efficiency","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.4,"max":0.75,"step":0.01,"def":0.65,"group":"Thruster","roles":["efficiency"]},{"k":"di","label":"Inclination change","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0,"max":30,"step":0.1,"def":7.1,"group":"Mission","roles":["inclination","plane change"]},{"k":"alt","label":"Mapping orbit altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":50,"max":5000,"step":5,"def":210,"group":"Mission","roles":["mapping orbit","altitude"]}],
"PRB_solar":[{"k":"m_dry","label":"Spacecraft mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":200,"max":2000,"step":5,"def":555,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["mass","probe","spacecraft"]},{"k":"c3","label":"Launch energy C3","unit":"km²/s²","dim":"energypm","min":10,"max":170,"step":1,"def":154,"group":"Launch","roles":["c3","launch energy"]},{"k":"peri","label":"Target perihelion","unit":"solar radii","dim":"ratio","min":5,"max":60,"step":0.1,"def":9.86,"group":"Orbit","roles":["perihelion","solar radii","closest"]},{"k":"pw","label":"Solar array power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":100,"max":2000,"step":10,"def":388,"group":"Power and link","roles":["power","array"]},{"k":"dish","label":"High-gain antenna","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":3,"step":0.1,"def":0.6,"group":"Power and link","roles":["antenna","dish"]},{"k":"ptx","label":"Transmitter power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":5,"max":200,"step":1,"def":34,"group":"Power and link","roles":["transmitter"]}],
"PRB_impact":[{"k":"m_dry","label":"Impactor mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":100,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":580,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["mass","impactor","spacecraft"]},{"k":"vinf","label":"Impact speed (0 = direct transfer)","unit":"km/s","dim":"speed","min":0,"max":20,"step":0.1,"def":6.1,"group":"Impact","roles":["impact speed","speed","at"]},{"k":"beta","label":"Momentum enhancement from ejecta","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1,"max":6,"step":0.1,"def":3.6,"group":"Impact","roles":["beta","momentum enhancement"]},{"k":"pw","label":"Solar array power at 1 AU","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":100,"max":10000,"step":10,"def":6600,"group":"Power and link","roles":["power","array"]},{"k":"dish","label":"High-gain antenna","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":3,"step":0.1,"def":1,"group":"Power and link","roles":["antenna","dish"]},{"k":"ptx","label":"Transmitter power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":5,"max":200,"step":1,"def":20,"group":"Power and link","roles":["transmitter"]}],
"EDL":[{"k":"m","label":"Entry mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":100,"max":15000,"step":10,"def":3300,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["entry mass","mass","lander","capsule"]},{"k":"d","label":"Heat-shield diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":20,"step":0.1,"def":4.5,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["heat shield","aeroshell","shield","diameter","shell"]},{"k":"cd","label":"Drag coefficient","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.8,"max":1.8,"step":0.01,"def":1.65,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["drag coefficient"]},{"k":"rn","label":"Nose radius","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.2,"max":8,"step":0.05,"def":1.1,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["nose radius"]},{"k":"ve","label":"Entry speed","unit":"km/s","dim":"speed","min":0.5,"max":13,"step":0.05,"def":5.8,"group":"Entry","roles":["entry speed","entry at","entry"]},{"k":"gam","label":"Entry angle below the horizon","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":1,"max":85,"step":0.1,"def":15.5,"group":"Entry","roles":["flight-path angle","flight path angle","angle","entry angle","degree entry"]},{"k":"dp","label":"Parachute diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":1,"max":100,"step":0.5,"def":21.5,"group":"Descent","roles":["parachute","chute","canopy","parachutes"]},{"k":"tr","label":"Descent engine thrust","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":1,"max":100,"step":0.5,"def":30,"group":"Descent","roles":["thrust","descent engine","engines"]}],
"EDL_glide":[{"k":"m","label":"Mass at entry","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":5000,"max":120000,"step":500,"def":95000,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["mass","orbiter"]},{"k":"wing","label":"Wing area","unit":"m²","dim":"area","min":20,"max":400,"step":1,"def":250,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["wing","wing area"]},{"k":"cd","label":"Drag coefficient (on the wing)","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.4,"max":1.4,"step":0.01,"def":0.85,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["drag coefficient"]},{"k":"rn","label":"Nose radius","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.2,"max":3,"step":0.05,"def":0.65,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["nose radius"]},{"k":"ve","label":"Entry speed","unit":"km/s","dim":"speed","min":6,"max":8.5,"step":0.05,"def":7.6,"group":"Entry","roles":["entry speed","entry"]},{"k":"gam","label":"Entry angle below the horizon","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0.5,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":1.2,"group":"Entry","roles":["flight-path angle","angle","entry angle"]}],
"EDL_air":[{"k":"m0","label":"Mass at the start of descent","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":5,"max":2000000,"step":5,"def":1500,"group":"Lander","roles":["mass","lander","descent mass"],"log":true},{"k":"isp","label":"Engine Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":460,"step":1,"def":310,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["isp"]},{"k":"tr","label":"Main engine thrust","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":0.005,"max":10000,"step":0.005,"def":7.5,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["thrust","engine"],"log":true},{"k":"alt","label":"Orbit altitude before descent","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":500,"step":0.5,"def":100,"group":"Descent","roles":["orbit","altitude","from"]},{"k":"hover","label":"Hover time for picking a spot","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":0,"max":180,"step":1,"def":20,"group":"Descent","roles":["hover"]},{"k":"vtd","label":"Touchdown speed","unit":"m/s","dim":"speed","min":0.1,"max":4,"step":0.1,"def":1.5,"group":"Descent","roles":["touchdown","touchdown speed"]}],
"HAB":[{"k":"crew","label":"Crew","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":12,"step":1,"def":6,"group":"Crew","roles":["crew","people","astronauts"]},{"k":"V","label":"Pressurised volume","unit":"m³","dim":"volume","min":5,"max":3000,"step":1,"def":900,"group":"Habitat","roles":["volume","pressurised volume"]},{"k":"h","label":"Orbit altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":200,"max":3000,"step":5,"def":410,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]},{"k":"pw","label":"Power demand","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":0.2,"max":150,"step":0.1,"def":90,"group":"Power","roles":["power","demand"]},{"k":"r","label":"Module radius","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.8,"max":4,"step":0.05,"def":2.1,"group":"Structure","roles":["module radius"]},{"k":"t","label":"Wall thickness","unit":"mm","dim":"length","min":1,"max":20,"step":0.1,"def":4.8,"group":"Structure","roles":["wall","wall thickness"]},{"k":"closure","label":"Water recovered","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":0,"max":98,"step":1,"def":90,"group":"Life support","roles":["water recovery","recycling","recovered","closure"]},{"k":"days","label":"Days between resupply","unit":"days","dim":"time","min":1,"max":600,"step":1,"def":90,"group":"Life support","roles":["resupply","days","mission","stay"]}],
"SUIT":[{"k":"p","label":"Suit pressure","unit":"kPa","dim":"pressure","min":20,"max":60,"step":0.1,"def":29.6,"group":"Pressure","roles":["pressure","suit pressure"]},{"k":"met","label":"Work rate (metabolic)","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":100,"max":600,"step":5,"def":300,"group":"Crew","roles":["work rate","metabolic","metabolic rate"]},{"k":"dur","label":"Planned outing","unit":"h","dim":"time","min":0.5,"max":24,"step":0.5,"def":7,"group":"Crew","roles":["outing","duration","for","spacewalk"]},{"k":"o2","label":"Oxygen carried","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":0.2,"max":3,"step":0.05,"def":0.6,"group":"Consumables","roles":["oxygen","o2"]},{"k":"water","label":"Cooling water","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":0.5,"max":10,"step":0.1,"def":4.5,"group":"Consumables","roles":["water","cooling water"]},{"k":"bat","label":"Battery","unit":"kWh","dim":"energy","min":0.05,"max":3,"step":0.01,"def":0.45,"group":"Consumables","roles":["battery"]},{"k":"rt","label":"Torso radius","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.15,"max":0.35,"step":0.01,"def":0.25,"group":"Pressure","roles":["torso","torso radius"]}],
"SUIT_mmu":[{"k":"mp","label":"Nitrogen carried","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":2,"max":30,"step":0.1,"def":11.8,"group":"Gas","roles":["nitrogen","gas","propellant"]},{"k":"m_tot","label":"Mass with astronaut and suit","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":150,"max":500,"step":1,"def":340,"group":"Mass","roles":["mass","total mass"]},{"k":"isp","label":"Gas Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":50,"max":80,"step":1,"def":70,"group":"Gas","roles":["isp"]},{"k":"f","label":"Thrust per jet","unit":"N","dim":"force","min":2,"max":20,"step":0.1,"def":7.6,"group":"Jets","roles":["thrust","jet"]},{"k":"dist","label":"Trip distance","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":5,"max":300,"step":1,"def":50,"group":"Trip","roles":["distance","trip","metres away"]}],
"ROV":[{"k":"m","label":"Mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":5,"max":15000,"step":1,"def":900,"group":"Rover","roles":["mass","rover","kg rover"],"log":true},{"k":"nw","label":"Wheels","unit":"","dim":"count","min":4,"max":8,"step":1,"def":6,"group":"Wheels","roles":["wheels","wheel"]},{"k":"dw","label":"Wheel diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":1.5,"step":0.01,"def":0.5,"group":"Wheels","roles":["wheel diameter","wheels of","diameter","wheels","wheel"]},{"k":"bw","label":"Wheel width","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.05,"max":0.6,"step":0.01,"def":0.4,"group":"Wheels","roles":["wheel width","wide","width"]},{"k":"slope","label":"Slope","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0,"max":35,"step":1,"def":15,"group":"Terrain","roles":["slope","incline","degree slope"]},{"k":"soil","label":"Ground","choices":["Mars-like regolith","lunar regolith","loose sand"],"def":"Mars-like regolith","group":"Terrain","roles":["soil","ground"],"say":[["sand","loose sand"],["regolith","Mars-like regolith"]]},{"k":"v","label":"Driving speed","unit":"m/h","dim":"speed","min":10,"max":18000,"step":10,"def":100,"group":"Driving","roles":["speed","driving speed","drive at"],"log":true},{"k":"pw","label":"Generator power at landing","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":5,"max":1000,"step":1,"def":110,"group":"Power","roles":["rtg","generator","power"]},{"k":"yrs","label":"Mission year","unit":"years","dim":"time","min":0,"max":14,"step":0.5,"def":1,"group":"Power","roles":["year","mission year"]}],
"ROV_drill":[{"k":"l1","label":"Upper arm","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":2,"step":0.05,"def":1.0,"group":"Arm","roles":["upper arm","first link"]},{"k":"l2","label":"Forearm","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":2,"step":0.05,"def":1.2,"group":"Arm","roles":["forearm","second link"]},{"k":"mp","label":"Turret mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":1,"max":60,"step":0.5,"def":30,"group":"Arm","roles":["turret","drill mass","payload"]},{"k":"depth","label":"Hole depth","unit":"cm","dim":"length","min":1,"max":200,"step":0.5,"def":6.5,"group":"Drill","roles":["depth","deep","hole"]},{"k":"bit","label":"Bit diameter","unit":"mm","dim":"length","min":5,"max":50,"step":1,"def":16,"group":"Drill","roles":["bit","bit diameter"]},{"k":"pd","label":"Drill power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":20,"max":500,"step":5,"def":60,"group":"Drill","roles":["drill power","power"]},{"k":"es","label":"Rock specific energy","unit":"MJ/m³","dim":"ratio","min":50,"max":1000,"step":10,"def":500,"group":"Drill","roles":["specific energy","rock"]}],
"ROTOR":[{"k":"m","label":"Mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":0.5,"max":30,"step":0.1,"def":1.8,"group":"Craft","roles":["mass","helicopter","kg"]},{"k":"d","label":"Rotor diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":3,"step":0.01,"def":1.21,"group":"Rotor","roles":["rotor","rotor diameter","diameter"]},{"k":"nr","label":"Rotors","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":2,"step":1,"def":2,"group":"Rotor","roles":["rotors","coaxial"]},{"k":"rpm","label":"Rotor speed","unit":"rpm","dim":"angvel","min":500,"max":4000,"step":10,"def":2537,"group":"Rotor","roles":["rotor speed","rpm"]},{"k":"fm","label":"Figure of merit","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.4,"max":0.8,"step":0.01,"def":0.6,"group":"Rotor","roles":["figure of merit"]},{"k":"bat","label":"Battery energy","unit":"Wh","dim":"energy","min":10,"max":1000,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Power","roles":["battery"]},{"k":"rho","label":"Air density","unit":"kg/m³","dim":"ratio","min":0.008,"max":0.03,"step":0.001,"def":0.017,"group":"Air","roles":["air density","density"]}],
"SAIL":[{"k":"area","label":"Sail area","unit":"m²","dim":"area","min":10,"max":20000,"step":10,"def":1600,"group":"Sail","roles":["sail","area","sail area"],"log":true},{"k":"m","label":"Spacecraft mass with sail","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":1,"max":2000,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Sail","roles":["mass","spacecraft","kg"],"log":true},{"k":"eta","label":"Sail efficiency","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.5,"max":1,"step":0.01,"def":0.9,"group":"Sail","roles":["efficiency"]},{"k":"cone","label":"Tilt from the Sun line","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0,"max":80,"step":1,"def":35,"group":"Flight","roles":["tilt","cone angle","angle"]},{"k":"target","label":"Target distance from the Sun","unit":"AU","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":5,"step":0.01,"def":1.52,"group":"Flight","roles":["to","target","distance"]}],
"SAIL_tether":[{"k":"len","label":"Tether length","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":30,"step":0.1,"def":5,"group":"Tether","roles":["tether","length","long"]},{"k":"m","label":"Spacecraft mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":10,"max":5000,"step":10,"def":500,"group":"Craft","roles":["mass","satellite","spacecraft"]},{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":800,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","at","from"]},{"k":"imax","label":"Current limit","unit":"A","dim":"current","min":0.1,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":1,"group":"Tether","roles":["current"]},{"k":"wire","label":"Wire diameter","unit":"mm","dim":"length","min":0.2,"max":3,"step":0.05,"def":1,"group":"Tether","roles":["wire","wire diameter"]}],
"SPW_array":[{"k":"pw","label":"Power demand","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":0.5,"max":150,"step":0.5,"def":30,"group":"Load","roles":["power","load","demand"]},{"k":"eff","label":"Cell efficiency","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":10,"max":40,"step":0.5,"def":30,"group":"Cells","roles":["efficiency","cell efficiency","cells"]},{"k":"life","label":"Design life","unit":"years","dim":"time","min":1,"max":30,"step":1,"def":15,"group":"Cells","roles":["life"]},{"k":"deg","label":"Degradation per year","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":0,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":0.8,"group":"Cells","roles":["degradation"]},{"k":"rho_a","label":"Mass per area","unit":"kg/m²","dim":"ratio","min":0.5,"max":6,"step":0.1,"def":2.5,"group":"Wing","roles":["areal density","mass per area"]},{"k":"au","label":"Distance from the Sun","unit":"AU","dim":"ratio","min":0.3,"max":5,"step":0.01,"def":1,"group":"Orbit","roles":["au","distance from the sun"]},{"k":"h","label":"Orbit altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":200,"max":36000,"step":10,"def":400,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"],"log":true}],
"SPW_nuc":[{"k":"pw","label":"Electric power","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":10,"max":1000000,"step":10,"def":110,"group":"Output","roles":["power","electric power","output"],"log":true},{"k":"eff","label":"Conversion efficiency","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":3,"max":40,"step":0.1,"def":6.3,"group":"Conversion","roles":["efficiency"]},{"k":"yrs","label":"Mission length","unit":"years","dim":"time","min":1,"max":40,"step":1,"def":10,"group":"Mission","roles":["years","mission"]},{"k":"ageing","label":"Converter ageing per year","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":0,"max":8,"step":0.1,"def":3.2,"group":"Conversion","roles":["ageing","aging"]},{"k":"trad","label":"Radiator temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":300,"max":900,"step":5,"def":450,"group":"Radiator","roles":["radiator","radiator temperature"]}],
"SPW_rad":[{"k":"q","label":"Heat to reject","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":0.1,"max":100,"step":0.1,"def":5,"group":"Load","roles":["heat","reject","load"]},{"k":"t","label":"Radiator temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":200,"max":600,"step":1,"def":290,"group":"Panel","roles":["temperature","at"]},{"k":"eps","label":"Emissivity","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.5,"max":0.95,"step":0.01,"def":0.85,"group":"Panel","roles":["emissivity"]},{"k":"qabs","label":"Absorbed from Sun and Earth","unit":"W/m²","dim":"ratio","min":0,"max":500,"step":5,"def":100,"group":"Environment","roles":["absorbed","sun"]}],
"SPW_arm":[{"k":"l1","label":"Upper boom","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.2,"max":15,"step":0.05,"def":7.6,"group":"Arm","roles":["upper boom","first boom","boom","booms","arm links","links"]},{"k":"l2","label":"Lower boom","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.2,"max":15,"step":0.05,"def":7.6,"group":"Arm","roles":["lower boom","second boom"]},{"k":"mp","label":"Payload","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":0.5,"max":120000,"step":0.5,"def":20000,"group":"Load","roles":["payload","load","kg"],"log":true},{"k":"v","label":"Tip speed","unit":"cm/s","dim":"speed","min":0.5,"max":200,"step":0.5,"def":2,"group":"Motion","roles":["tip speed","speed"]},{"k":"tstop","label":"Stopping time","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":0.2,"max":60,"step":0.1,"def":10,"group":"Motion","roles":["stopping time","stop in"]},{"k":"wpm","label":"Boom mass per metre","unit":"kg/m","dim":"ratio","min":2,"max":200,"step":1,"def":100,"group":"Arm","roles":["mass per metre"]}],
"SPW_att":[{"k":"I","label":"Spacecraft inertia","unit":"kg m²","dim":"ratio","min":10,"max":1000000000,"step":10,"def":3000,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["inertia"],"log":true},{"k":"slew","label":"Slew angle","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":1,"max":180,"step":1,"def":30,"group":"Manoeuvre","roles":["slew","slew angle","turn"]},{"k":"ts","label":"Slew time","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":10,"max":3600,"step":5,"def":120,"group":"Manoeuvre","roles":["slew time","in"]},{"k":"h","label":"Orbit altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":36000,"step":10,"def":600,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","orbit","at"],"log":true},{"k":"area","label":"Exposed area","unit":"m²","dim":"area","min":0.5,"max":3000,"step":0.5,"def":10,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["area"]},{"k":"cp","label":"Offset of the centre of pressure","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.01,"max":3,"step":0.01,"def":0.2,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["offset"]},{"k":"rpm","label":"Rotor speed","unit":"rpm","dim":"angvel","min":1000,"max":12000,"step":100,"def":6000,"group":"Rotor","roles":["rpm","rotor speed"]},{"k":"rw","label":"Rotor radius","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.05,"max":0.6,"step":0.01,"def":0.15,"group":"Rotor","roles":["rotor radius","radius"]}],
"SPW_veh":[{"k":"m_dry","label":"Dry mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":100,"max":200000,"step":10,"def":1500,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["dry mass","mass"],"log":true},{"k":"mp","label":"Propellant","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":10,"max":20000,"step":10,"def":1000,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["propellant","fuel"],"log":true},{"k":"isp","label":"Engine Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":1700,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["isp"]},{"k":"mc","label":"Client mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":10,"max":10000,"step":10,"def":2500,"group":"Job","roles":["client","satellite","target"]},{"k":"h1","label":"Starting altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":200,"max":40000,"step":10,"def":35786,"group":"Job","roles":["from","starting altitude","at"],"log":true},{"k":"h2","label":"Final altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":50,"max":40000,"step":10,"def":36086,"group":"Job","roles":["to","final altitude"],"log":true}],
"SPW_ant":[{"k":"d","label":"Dish diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":5,"max":100,"step":1,"def":34,"group":"Antenna","roles":["dish","diameter","antenna"]},{"k":"f","label":"Frequency","unit":"GHz","dim":"frequency","min":2,"max":40,"step":0.1,"def":8.4,"group":"Antenna","roles":["frequency","band"]},{"k":"ts","label":"System noise temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":10,"max":200,"step":1,"def":25,"group":"Antenna","roles":["noise temperature","system noise"]},{"k":"dist","label":"Spacecraft distance","unit":"AU","dim":"length","min":0.01,"max":150,"step":0.01,"def":10,"group":"Link","roles":["distance","away","probe"],"log":true},{"k":"ptx_probe","label":"Spacecraft transmitter","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":1,"max":200,"step":1,"def":20,"group":"Link","roles":["transmitter","watts"]},{"k":"dprobe","label":"Spacecraft dish","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.3,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":3,"group":"Link","roles":["spacecraft dish","probe dish"]}]},
"products":[
{"id":"three-stage-expendable-launcher","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Three-stage expendable medium launcher","short":"Three stages stacked; every stage is used once","blurb":"A classic stack: a dense-propellant first stage pushes through the thick lower atmosphere, a second stage carries on in near vacuum, and a light, high-efficiency hydrogen upper stage finishes the job. Each stage is sized for the smallest lift-off mass that still reaches the target orbit, so you can see why rockets stage at all, and what one extra stage buys you.","aliases":["three stage rocket","3-stage rocket","3-stage launcher","expendable rocket","expendable launcher","multistage rocket","rocket","launcher","launch vehicle","three-stage medium launcher"],"params":[{"k":"n","label":"Stages","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":4,"step":1,"def":3,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["stage","stages","stage rocket"]},{"k":"m_pl","label":"Payload","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":0.1,"max":60,"step":0.1,"def":20,"group":"Mission","roles":["payload","carry","lift"]},{"k":"orbit","label":"Target orbit","choices":["LEO","SSO","GTO","TLI"],"def":"LEO","group":"Mission","roles":["orbit","to"]},{"k":"isp1","label":"Stage 1 Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":465,"step":1,"def":290,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["first stage isp","stage 1 isp","booster isp"]},{"k":"isp2","label":"Stage 2 Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":465,"step":1,"def":320,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["second stage isp","stage 2 isp"]},{"k":"isp3","label":"Upper stage Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":200,"max":465,"step":1,"def":450,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["upper stage isp","third stage isp","stage 3 isp","hydrogen upper stage","isp"]},{"k":"eps1","label":"Stage 1 structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.2,"step":0.005,"def":0.07,"group":"Structure","roles":["first stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"eps2","label":"Stage 2 structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.2,"step":0.005,"def":0.08,"group":"Structure","roles":["second stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"eps3","label":"Upper stage structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.2,"step":0.005,"def":0.1,"group":"Structure","roles":["upper stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"tw","label":"Lift-off thrust-to-weight","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":2.0,"step":0.01,"def":1.3,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["thrust-to-weight","thrust to weight","t/w"]}],"commands":["design a 3-stage rocket to LEO with 20 t payload","three stage launcher, 8 t to GTO, hydrogen upper stage Isp 450 s","4-stage rocket with 2 t payload to TLI"],"kind":"expendable"},
{"id":"reusable-booster-propulsive-landing","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Partially reusable rocket with propulsive booster landing","short":"Two stages; the booster flies back and lands on its engines","blurb":"The first stage keeps some propellant in reserve, turns around after separation, slows itself for re-entry and lands upright on one engine, either on a ship downrange or back at the launch site. Falcon 9 is a well-known rocket of this kind. Here you can see what the landing reserve costs in payload and how the final burn plays out.","example":"Falcon 9","aliases":["reusable booster","reusable rocket","propulsive landing","booster landing","drone ship","returning booster","landing booster","partially reusable rocket","recoverable first stage"],"params":[{"k":"m_pl","label":"Payload","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":1,"max":25,"step":0.1,"def":15,"group":"Mission","roles":["payload","carry","lift"]},{"k":"orbit","label":"Target orbit","choices":["LEO","SSO","GTO"],"def":"LEO","group":"Mission","roles":["orbit","to"]},{"k":"mode","label":"Booster recovery","choices":["drone ship","return to site","expend"],"def":"drone ship","group":"Mission","roles":["landing","recovery"]},{"k":"v_sep","label":"Staging speed","unit":"km/s","dim":"speed","min":1.5,"max":3.0,"step":0.05,"def":2.3,"group":"Mission","roles":["staging speed","separation","staging"]},{"k":"gam","label":"Flight-path angle at staging","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":25,"max":60,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Mission","roles":["flight-path angle","flight path angle","staging angle"]},{"k":"isp1","label":"First-stage Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":280,"max":320,"step":1,"def":300,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["first stage isp","booster isp"]},{"k":"isp2","label":"Second-stage vacuum Isp","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":320,"max":360,"step":1,"def":348,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["second stage isp","upper stage isp","isp"]},{"k":"eps1","label":"First-stage structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.08,"step":0.001,"def":0.06,"group":"Structure","roles":["first stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"eps2","label":"Second-stage structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.03,"max":0.08,"step":0.001,"def":0.04,"group":"Structure","roles":["second stage structural ratio"]},{"k":"tw","label":"Lift-off thrust-to-weight","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":1.8,"step":0.01,"def":1.35,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["thrust-to-weight","thrust to weight"]},{"k":"f_eng","label":"Thrust per engine","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":400,"max":1200,"step":5,"def":845,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["engine","per engine","thrust"]}],"commands":["reusable booster 15 t to LEO with drone ship landing","booster landing back at the launch site with 10 t payload, staging at 1.7 km/s","partially reusable rocket, expend the booster, 20 t to LEO"],"kind":"booster"},
{"id":"fully-reusable-super-heavy-launcher","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Fully reusable super-heavy two-stage launcher","short":"A giant booster and a ship, both built to land and fly again","blurb":"Two very large methane-fuelled stages, each holding back propellant to come home: the booster returns to its pad and the ship re-enters and lands. Starship is the best-known example of this layout. Drag the reserve sliders to see how much payload full reuse costs against throwing the stages away.","example":"Starship","aliases":["fully reusable rocket","super heavy","fully reusable","super-heavy launcher","starship-class","fully reusable launcher","super heavy reusable launcher","mega rocket","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher","fully reusable 2-stage rocket","fully reusable 2-stage launcher"],"params":[{"k":"m_pl","label":"Payload to orbit","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":10,"max":200,"step":1,"def":100,"group":"Mission","roles":["payload","carry","lift"]},{"k":"h","label":"Orbit altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":200,"max":500,"step":5,"def":250,"group":"Mission","roles":["altitude","orbit","to","at"]},{"k":"isp1","label":"Booster Isp (average)","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":300,"max":360,"step":1,"def":340,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["booster isp","first stage isp"]},{"k":"isp2","label":"Ship Isp (vacuum)","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":340,"max":380,"step":1,"def":375,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["ship isp","second stage isp","isp"]},{"k":"eps1","label":"Booster structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.04,"max":0.12,"step":0.002,"def":0.06,"group":"Structure","roles":["booster structural ratio"]},{"k":"eps2","label":"Ship structural ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.05,"max":0.15,"step":0.002,"def":0.09,"group":"Structure","roles":["ship structural ratio"]},{"k":"tw","label":"Lift-off thrust-to-weight","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.2,"max":1.8,"step":0.01,"def":1.5,"group":"Vehicle","roles":["thrust-to-weight","thrust to weight"]},{"k":"f_eng","label":"Thrust per engine","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":1500,"max":2800,"step":10,"def":2300,"group":"Propulsion","roles":["engine","per engine","thrust"]},{"k":"reuse1","label":"Booster propellant held for return","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":0,"max":15,"step":0.5,"def":8,"group":"Reuse","roles":["booster reserve","booster"]},{"k":"reuse2","label":"Ship propellant held for landing","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":0,"max":10,"step":0.5,"def":5,"group":"Reuse","roles":["ship reserve","ship"]}],"commands":["fully reusable two-stage rocket, 100 t to LEO","super heavy reusable launcher payload 150 t to 300 km","starship-class launcher with engines of 2300 kN, 150 t payload"],"kind":"superheavy"},
{"id":"small-lift-expendable-rocket","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Small-lift expendable rocket","short":"Two stages putting up to about a tonne into low orbit","blurb":"A compact two-stage rocket for small satellites: a kerosene first stage with a ring of modest engines and a light upper stage that finishes the climb to orbit. Sized for the smallest lift-off mass that still delivers the payload, it shows why even small rockets need two stages.","aliases":["small-lift rocket","small lift rocket","small launcher","small-lift expendable rocket","light launcher","small satellite launcher"],"commands":["small-lift rocket with 0.8 t payload to LEO","small launcher, 500 kg to SSO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[0.5,0.05,3],"isp1":[300],"isp3":[340],"eps1":[0.08],"eps3":[0.1]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":100},"props":["LOX/RP-1","LOX/RP-1"]},
{"id":"microlauncher-for-cubesats","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Microlauncher for cubesats","short":"A very small rocket dedicated to batches of tiny satellites","blurb":"A slender two-stage rocket built to carry a handful of cubesats on their own schedule. Small engines, often with electric pumps, and carbon-fibre tanks keep it light; Electron is a well-known rocket of this size. Change payload and structure and watch how quickly the lift-off mass grows.","aliases":["microlauncher","micro launcher","cubesat launcher","dedicated small rocket","tiny rocket","micro-launcher"],"commands":["microlauncher with 150 kg payload to SSO","cubesat launcher, 200 kg to LEO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[0.15,0.01,0.6],"isp1":[311],"isp3":[343],"eps1":[0.09],"eps3":[0.11]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":25},"props":["LOX/RP-1","LOX/RP-1"],"example":"Electron"},
{"id":"medium-lift-two-stage-expendable-rocket","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Medium-lift two-stage expendable rocket","short":"A workhorse for 5 to 15 tonnes to low orbit","blurb":"The most common rocket layout: a big kerosene first stage and a single-engine upper stage, both used once. It carries communication satellites, crew capsules and space-station cargo. Compare the two-stage design against more stages on the staging chart.","aliases":["medium-lift rocket","medium lift rocket","medium-lift two-stage rocket","2-stage rocket","medium-lift 2-stage rocket","workhorse rocket"],"commands":["two-stage rocket with 10 t to LEO","medium-lift rocket, 5 t to GTO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[10,1,25],"isp1":[300],"isp3":[348],"eps1":[0.06],"eps3":[0.05]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":850},"props":["LOX/RP-1","LOX/RP-1"]},
{"id":"heavy-lift-rocket-with-strap-on-solid-boosters","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Heavy-lift rocket with strap-on solid boosters","short":"A liquid core plus solid boosters for extra lift-off thrust","blurb":"A liquid-fuelled core flies with large solid boosters strapped to its side: the boosters give most of the push off the pad and drop away after two minutes, and a hydrogen upper stage takes the payload on. Ariane 5 and Atlas V flew this way. Here the core and boosters are treated as one first stage.","aliases":["strap-on boosters","strap-on solid boosters","heavy-lift rocket","heavy lift rocket","rocket with solid boosters","heavy launcher with boosters"],"commands":["heavy-lift rocket with strap-on boosters, 20 t to LEO","heavy-lift rocket, 9 t to GTO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[20,3,30],"isp1":[285],"isp3":[445],"eps1":[0.1],"eps3":[0.11],"tw":[1.5]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":4000},"props":["solid","LOX/LH2"],"example":"Ariane 5"},
{"id":"hydrogen-fuelled-core-with-cryogenic-upper-stage","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Hydrogen-fuelled core with cryogenic upper stage","short":"High-efficiency hydrogen stages for geostationary transfer","blurb":"Both stages burn liquid hydrogen with liquid oxygen, the most efficient chemical pairing. The tanks are bulky because hydrogen is so light, but the exhaust is fast, which suits the high energy of a geostationary transfer orbit.","aliases":["hydrogen rocket","hydrogen-fuelled core","cryogenic upper stage","hydrogen fuelled rocket","all-hydrogen rocket","hydrogen launcher"],"commands":["hydrogen rocket with 6 t to GTO","hydrogen-fuelled core, 15 t to LEO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[6,1,20],"orbit":{"def":"GTO"},"isp1":[420],"isp3":[450],"eps1":[0.1],"eps3":[0.12],"tw":[1.3]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":1400},"props":["LOX/LH2","LOX/LH2"]},
{"id":"super-heavy-expendable-moon-rocket","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Super-heavy expendable Moon rocket","short":"A three-stage giant built to send crews to the Moon","blurb":"A towering three-stage rocket: five huge kerosene engines lift it off the pad, then two hydrogen stages carry a crewed spacecraft and lander onto a path to the Moon. Saturn V is the famous example. Set the payload sent towards the Moon and see the size of the machine it takes.","aliases":["moon rocket","super-heavy moon rocket","super heavy moon rocket","expendable moon rocket","three-stage moon rocket","saturn-class rocket"],"commands":["moon rocket with 45 t to TLI","super heavy moon rocket, 120 t to LEO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"n":{"def":3,"min":2},"m_pl":[45,10,140],"orbit":{"def":"TLI"},"isp1":[280],"isp2":[421],"isp3":[421],"eps1":[0.06],"eps2":[0.08],"eps3":[0.11],"tw":[1.2]},"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"f_eng":6770},"props":["LOX/RP-1","LOX/LH2","LOX/LH2"],"example":"Saturn V"},
{"id":"super-heavy-launcher-with-solid-boosters-deep-space","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Super-heavy launcher with solid boosters (deep-space)","short":"A core stage plus large boosters for crewed lunar missions","blurb":"A hydrogen core stage with four main engines flies between two enormous solid boosters, and a hydrogen upper stage sends the crew capsule towards the Moon. The Space Launch System is built this way. The core and boosters are combined here as one first stage.","aliases":["deep-space launcher","super-heavy launcher with solid boosters","deep space launcher","core stage with solid boosters","lunar crew launcher","sls-class launcher"],"commands":["deep-space launcher with 27 t to TLI","super-heavy launcher with solid boosters, 95 t to LEO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[27,5,100],"orbit":{"def":"TLI"},"isp1":[330],"isp3":[462],"eps1":[0.11],"eps3":[0.12],"tw":[1.4]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":7000},"props":["solid","LOX/LH2"],"example":"Space Launch System"},
{"id":"triple-core-heavy-launcher","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Triple-core heavy launcher","short":"Three first-stage cores side by side; boosters land for reuse","blurb":"Three first-stage cores fly side by side, with 27 engines between them; the side cores and centre core can fly back and land. Falcon Heavy is the best-known example. The three cores are treated as one first stage here; switch the recovery mode to see what landing costs.","aliases":["triple-core","triple core","three-core rocket","three cores","heavy launcher with three cores","triple-core heavy launcher"],"commands":["triple-core heavy launcher, 40 t to LEO with drone ship landing","triple-core heavy launcher, 8 t to GTO"],"tpl":"LV_boost","set":{"m_pl":[40,5,64],"f_eng":[845],"v_sep":[2.4]},"kind":"booster","landing_engines":3,"example":"Falcon Heavy"},
{"id":"methane-fuelled-reusable-medium-launcher","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Methane-fuelled reusable medium launcher","short":"Methane and oxygen stages chosen for clean reuse","blurb":"Methane burns cleaner than kerosene, leaving less soot in the engines, which makes turnaround between flights easier, and it is denser than hydrogen. The first stage flies back and lands; the upper stage is expended.","aliases":["methane reusable rocket","reusable methane rocket","methalox reusable launcher","methane-fuelled reusable","methane launcher","reusable methane launcher"],"commands":["methane reusable rocket with 15 t to LEO, drone ship","reusable methane rocket, 8 t to LEO, return to site"],"tpl":"LV_boost","set":{"m_pl":[15,2,30],"isp1":{"def":327,"min":300,"max":345},"isp2":{"def":360,"min":330,"max":380},"f_eng":[1100]},"kind":"booster","props":["LOX/CH4","LOX/CH4"]},
{"id":"solid-fuel-small-launcher","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Solid-fuel small launcher","short":"All-solid stages: simple, storable and quick to prepare","blurb":"Four solid-fuel stages stacked one on another: no pumps, no cryogenics, ready to launch within days. Solids are less efficient than liquids, so it takes more stages to reach orbit. Vega used three solid stages and a small liquid upper stage.","aliases":["solid rocket","solid-fuel launcher","solid fuel launcher","all-solid rocket","solid small launcher","solid-propellant rocket"],"commands":["solid-fuel launcher with 1.5 t to SSO","solid rocket, 4 stages, 2 t to LEO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"n":{"def":4,"min":2},"m_pl":[1.5,0.2,4],"orbit":{"def":"SSO"},"isp1":[275],"isp2":[290],"isp3":[300],"eps1":[0.1],"eps2":[0.1],"eps3":[0.12],"tw":[1.8]},"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"f_eng":3000},"props":["solid","solid","solid","solid"]},
{"id":"air-launched-small-rocket","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Air-launched small rocket","short":"Carried under an aircraft and dropped before ignition","blurb":"A winged three-stage solid rocket is carried to about 12 km under an airliner and dropped; it starts above most of the air and moving fast, which saves several hundred metres per second of losses. Pegasus works this way.","aliases":["air-launched rocket","air launched rocket","air launch","air-launched small rocket","rocket dropped from an aircraft","air-launch rocket"],"commands":["air-launched rocket with 450 kg to LEO","air launch, 300 kg to SSO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"n":{"def":3,"min":2},"m_pl":[0.45,0.05,1.5],"isp1":[290],"isp2":[290],"isp3":[290],"eps1":[0.1],"eps2":[0.1],"eps3":[0.12],"tw":[1.6]},"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"f_eng":700},"air_dv":600,"props":["solid","solid","solid"],"example":"Pegasus"},
{"id":"suborbital-tourism-rocket-with-capsule","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Suborbital tourism rocket with capsule","short":"A single stage lifting a passenger capsule above 100 km","blurb":"A single hydrogen-fuelled booster pushes a capsule straight up; after engine cut-off both coast above 100 km, giving passengers a few minutes of weightlessness, then the booster lands on its engine and the capsule under parachutes. New Shepard flies this profile.","aliases":["suborbital rocket","space tourism rocket","suborbital tourism rocket","tourism rocket","suborbital booster","rocket with capsule"],"commands":["suborbital tourism rocket to 105 km with a 4.5 t capsule","space tourism rocket to 110 km"],"tpl":"LV_sub","set":{"m_pl":[4.5,1,8],"apo":[105,80,130],"isp1":[310],"eps1":[0.28]},"add":[{"k":"orbit","label":"Flight","choices":["suborbital"],"def":"suborbital","group":"Mission","roles":["flight"]}],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":1,"f_eng":490,"orbit":"suborbital"},"props":["LOX/LH2"],"example":"New Shepard"},
{"id":"sounding-rocket","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Sounding rocket","short":"A short vertical flight to the upper atmosphere for experiments","blurb":"A simple solid rocket fired straight up carries instruments a few hundred kilometres high for a few minutes of measurements or weightlessness, then falls back under a parachute. It is the cheapest way above the atmosphere.","aliases":["sounding rocket","research rocket","suborbital research rocket","upper-atmosphere rocket","science rocket","sounding-rocket"],"commands":["sounding rocket to 300 km with 400 kg","research rocket to 150 km"],"tpl":"LV_sub","set":{"m_pl":[0.4,0.05,1.5],"apo":[300,80,1500],"isp1":[250],"eps1":[0.14],"tw":[3.0]},"add":[{"k":"orbit","label":"Flight","choices":["suborbital"],"def":"suborbital","group":"Mission","roles":["flight"]}],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":1,"f_eng":200},"props":["solid"]},
{"id":"single-stage-to-orbit-spaceplane-concept","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane concept","short":"One vehicle reaches orbit, breathing air before switching to rocket mode","blurb":"The long-sought single stage to orbit: one vehicle, no stages thrown away. Breathing air for the first part of the climb saves oxidiser, worth about half a kilometre per second here, but the structure must be extremely light. Drag the structural ratio and watch the payload vanish.","aliases":["1-stage to orbit","1-stage to orbit spaceplane","ssto","spaceplane concept","ssto spaceplane","1-stage-to-orbit"],"commands":["single stage to orbit spaceplane with 5 t to LEO","ssto with structural ratio 0.08 and 3 t payload"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[5,0.5,20],"isp1":{"def":440,"max":465},"eps1":{"def":0.1,"roles":["structural ratio"]},"tw":[1.3]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2","isp3","eps3"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":1,"f_eng":2000},"air_dv":500,"props":["LOX/LH2"]},
{"id":"orbital-shuttle-system-with-winged-orbiter","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Orbital shuttle system with winged orbiter","short":"Reusable winged orbiter, external tank and recoverable boosters","blurb":"A winged orbiter rides an external tank between two solid boosters: the boosters burn for two minutes and parachute into the sea, the orbiter's engines drain the tank, and the orbiter glides home. The Space Shuttle flew this way. Its heavy orbiter counts here as upper-stage structure.","aliases":["shuttle system","space shuttle system","winged orbiter system","orbital shuttle","shuttle stack","shuttle launcher"],"commands":["shuttle system with 24 t to LEO","orbital shuttle, 15 t to LEO"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[24,3,30],"isp1":[290],"isp3":[452],"eps1":[0.14],"eps3":{"def":0.125,"max":0.3},"tw":[1.5]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2"],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":12500},"props":["solid","LOX/LH2"],"example":"Space Shuttle"},
{"id":"upper-stage-kick-stage","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Upper stage / kick stage","short":"A restartable small stage that takes payloads from low orbit onwards","blurb":"Once a payload reaches low orbit, a small restartable stage can carry it further: to a geostationary transfer orbit or towards the Moon. It fires gently for minutes rather than seconds, so gravity losses are small.","aliases":["kick stage","upper stage for payloads","space tug stage","transfer stage","orbit raising stage","restartable upper stage"],"commands":["kick stage with 3 t from LEO to GTO","kick stage, 1 t to TLI"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[3,0.1,10],"orbit":{"choices":["GTO","TLI"],"def":"GTO"},"isp1":{"def":320,"min":280,"max":465,"label":"Engine Isp"},"eps1":{"def":0.12,"label":"Structural ratio"},"tw":{"def":0.3,"min":0.05,"max":1.5,"label":"Thrust-to-weight"}},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2","isp3","eps3"],"kind":"expendable","start":"LEO","fixed":{"n":1,"f_eng":30},"props":["NTO/MMH"]},
{"id":"launch-abort-system","archetype":"LV","category":"Launch vehicles","name":"Launch abort system","short":"An escape motor that pulls a crew capsule clear of a failing rocket","blurb":"A tower of solid motors on top of the capsule fires for a few seconds and yanks the crew away from a rocket in trouble, then the capsule descends under parachutes. The motor must beat the spreading fireball without crushing the crew; Orion and Apollo carried towers like this.","aliases":["launch abort system","abort system","escape tower","launch escape system","abort tower","abort motor"],"commands":["launch abort system for a 9 t capsule, 1800 kN for 3 s","escape tower with 1200 kN thrust"],"tpl":"LV_abort","set":{"f_abort":[1600]},"kind":"abort","rocket_prop":1000},
{"id":"full-flow-methane-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Full-flow staged-combustion methane engine","short":"All propellant passes through two preburners before the main chamber","blurb":"Both the oxygen and the methane are split between two preburners, one oxygen-rich and one fuel-rich, whose hot gas drives the turbopumps and then flows on into the main chamber, so nothing is thrown overboard. That allows very high chamber pressure in a compact engine; Raptor is a well-known engine of this cycle. Change the chamber pressure, nozzle size and gas properties and watch thrust, efficiency and the nozzle shape follow.","example":"Raptor","aliases":["methane engine","full-flow engine","staged combustion engine","full flow staged combustion","raptor-class engine","methalox engine","rocket engine","engine"],"propellant":"LOX/CH4","cycle":"full-flow","params":[{"k":"pc","label":"Chamber pressure","unit":"MPa","dim":"pressure","min":5,"max":35,"step":0.5,"def":30,"group":"Chamber","roles":["chamber pressure","chamber"]},{"k":"tc","label":"Chamber temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":3000,"max":3800,"step":10,"def":3600,"group":"Chamber","roles":["chamber temperature"]},{"k":"mw","label":"Exhaust molar mass","unit":"kg/kmol","dim":"molar","min":18,"max":24,"step":0.1,"def":22,"group":"Chamber","roles":["molar mass"]},{"k":"gamma","label":"Ratio of specific heats","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":1.25,"step":0.005,"def":1.2,"group":"Chamber","roles":["gamma"]},{"k":"eps","label":"Nozzle area ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":10,"max":200,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["area ratio","expansion ratio"]},{"k":"f","label":"Thrust","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":100,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":2300,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["thrust"]},{"k":"pa","label":"Ambient pressure","unit":"kPa","dim":"pressure","min":0,"max":101.3,"step":0.1,"def":101.3,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["ambient pressure","ambient","back pressure"]}],"commands":["methane engine 30 MPa chamber, 2300 kN, area ratio 40","full-flow engine at 25 MPa with area ratio 80 in vacuum"]},
{"id":"kerosene-gas-generator-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Kerosene gas-generator engine","short":"Turbopumps driven by a small separate burner whose exhaust is dumped","blurb":"A small fraction of the propellant burns in a separate gas generator to spin the turbopumps; that gas is then dumped overboard rather than fed to the main chamber. The cycle is simple and robust at the cost of a few per cent of efficiency. Merlin is a well-known engine of this kind. Tweak the dumped flow and the nozzle to see the trade.","example":"Merlin","aliases":["kerosene engine","gas generator engine","gas-generator engine","rp-1 engine","kerolox engine","merlin-class engine","open cycle engine"],"propellant":"LOX/RP-1","cycle":"gas-generator","params":[{"k":"pc","label":"Chamber pressure","unit":"MPa","dim":"pressure","min":3,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":9.7,"group":"Chamber","roles":["chamber pressure","chamber"]},{"k":"tc","label":"Chamber temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":3200,"max":3800,"step":10,"def":3600,"group":"Chamber","roles":["chamber temperature"]},{"k":"mw","label":"Exhaust molar mass","unit":"kg/kmol","dim":"molar","min":20,"max":26,"step":0.1,"def":23.3,"group":"Chamber","roles":["molar mass"]},{"k":"gamma","label":"Ratio of specific heats","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":1.15,"max":1.25,"step":0.005,"def":1.22,"group":"Chamber","roles":["gamma"]},{"k":"eps","label":"Nozzle area ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":8,"max":160,"step":1,"def":16,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["area ratio","expansion ratio"]},{"k":"f","label":"Thrust","unit":"kN","dim":"force","min":100,"max":2000,"step":5,"def":845,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["thrust"]},{"k":"pa","label":"Ambient pressure","unit":"kPa","dim":"pressure","min":0,"max":101.3,"step":0.1,"def":101.3,"group":"Nozzle","roles":["ambient pressure","ambient","back pressure"]},{"k":"gg","label":"Flow through the gas generator","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":1,"max":6,"step":0.1,"def":3,"group":"Cycle","roles":["gas generator","dumped","generator"]}],"commands":["kerosene gas generator engine 10 MPa 845 kN","kerosene engine with area ratio 120 in vacuum"]},
{"id":"gridded-ion-thruster","archetype":"EP","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Gridded ion thruster","short":"Xenon ions accelerated between charged grids: tiny thrust, huge efficiency","blurb":"Propellant atoms are ionised in a chamber and pulled through a pair of finely drilled grids held more than a thousand volts apart, leaving at around forty kilometres per second, ten times faster than any chemical exhaust. The push is about the weight of a sheet of paper, but it can run for years. The Dawn asteroid mission used engines of this kind. Set voltage, power and propellant to see thrust, delta-v and a slow spiral out to geostationary orbit.","example":"Dawn","aliases":["ion thruster","ion engine","gridded ion engine","electric propulsion","ion drive","electric thruster","ion probe","xenon thruster"],"params":[{"k":"v","label":"Beam voltage","unit":"V","dim":"voltage","min":300,"max":2000,"step":10,"def":1100,"group":"Thruster","roles":["voltage","beam voltage","grid"]},{"k":"p","label":"Electric input power","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":0.5,"max":10,"step":0.1,"def":2.5,"group":"Thruster","roles":["power","thruster","input power"]},{"k":"eta","label":"Thruster efficiency","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":0.4,"max":0.75,"step":0.01,"def":0.65,"group":"Thruster","roles":["efficiency"]},{"k":"gas","label":"Propellant","choices":["xenon","krypton","iodine"],"def":"xenon","group":"Thruster","roles":["propellant"]},{"k":"m0","label":"Spacecraft mass at start","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":300,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":1200,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["spacecraft","probe","mass","start"]},{"k":"mp","label":"Propellant mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":50,"max":1000,"step":5,"def":425,"group":"Spacecraft","roles":["xenon","krypton","iodine","propellant"]},{"k":"di","label":"Plane change on the spiral to GEO","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":0,"max":60,"step":0.5,"def":28.5,"group":"Mission","roles":["plane change","inclination"]}],"commands":["ion probe 1200 kg with 425 kg xenon, 2.5 kW thruster","ion thruster at 1500 V and 5 kW on krypton"]},
{"id":"oxygen-rich-staged-combustion-kerosene-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Oxygen-rich staged-combustion kerosene engine","short":"High-pressure kerosene engine with an oxidiser-rich preburner","blurb":"All the oxygen and a little kerosene burn first in a preburner whose hot, oxygen-rich gas spins the turbopumps and then flows into the main chamber. That allows chamber pressures above 25 MPa from kerosene, at the price of hot oxygen-rich gas, which attacks metals. The RD-180 is a well-known engine of this kind.","aliases":["oxygen-rich staged combustion","ox-rich engine","staged combustion kerosene engine","oxygen rich kerosene engine","ox-rich staged combustion","high-pressure kerosene engine"],"commands":["oxygen-rich staged combustion engine at 26 MPa, 3800 kN","ox-rich engine with area ratio 60 in vacuum"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[25.7],"tc":[3700],"mw":{"def":23.3,"min":20,"max":26},"gamma":[1.21],"eps":[36.9],"f":[3830,100,5000]},"propellant":"LOX/RP-1","cycle":"ox-rich","example":"RD-180"},
{"id":"hydrogen-expander-cycle-upper-stage-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Hydrogen expander-cycle upper-stage engine","short":"A turbine driven by hydrogen warmed in the chamber walls","blurb":"Liquid hydrogen cools the chamber and nozzle walls, boils, and the warm gas drives the turbopump before being burned: no separate burner at all. Chamber pressure stays modest, but the engine is simple, restartable and very efficient in vacuum. RL10 is the classic example.","aliases":["expander cycle","expander-cycle engine","hydrogen expander engine","expander engine","hydrogen upper stage engine","rl10-class engine"],"commands":["expander-cycle engine, 110 kN, area ratio 84","hydrogen expander engine at 5 MPa in vacuum"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[4.4,2,10],"tc":[3300],"mw":{"def":12,"min":10,"max":14},"gamma":[1.21],"eps":[84,20,300],"f":[110,20,300],"pa":[0]},"propellant":"LOX/LH2","cycle":"expander","example":"RL10"},
{"id":"vacuum-optimised-upper-stage-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Vacuum-optimised upper-stage engine","short":"A very large nozzle for working in vacuum","blurb":"The same engine core as a first-stage engine, fitted with a huge nozzle extension that keeps expanding the exhaust long after the outside pressure has vanished. In vacuum it gives far more thrust per kilogram of propellant; at sea level the flow would tear away from the walls.","aliases":["vacuum engine","vacuum-optimised engine","vacuum optimised engine","vacuum nozzle engine","upper-stage vacuum engine","large-nozzle engine"],"commands":["vacuum engine with area ratio 165, 980 kN","vacuum-optimised engine at 10 MPa"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[9.7,3,15],"tc":[3600],"mw":{"def":23.3,"min":20,"max":26},"gamma":[1.22],"eps":[165,20,250],"f":[981,100,2000],"pa":[0]},"add":[{"k":"gg","label":"Flow through the gas generator","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":1,"max":6,"step":0.1,"def":3,"group":"Cycle","roles":["gas generator","dumped"]}],"propellant":"LOX/RP-1","cycle":"gas-generator"},
{"id":"cryogenic-hydrogen-main-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Cryogenic hydrogen main engine","short":"A high-efficiency hydrogen-oxygen engine for core stages","blurb":"Fuel-rich preburners drive the pumps, and their gas joins the main chamber at over 20 MPa, giving one of the highest sea-level efficiencies of any rocket engine. Three of them powered each Space Shuttle orbiter; four lift the core stage of the Space Launch System.","aliases":["hydrogen main engine","cryogenic main engine","hydrogen engine","cryogenic hydrogen engine","core stage engine","staged combustion hydrogen engine"],"commands":["hydrogen main engine at 20.6 MPa, 1860 kN","cryogenic main engine with area ratio 69 in vacuum"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[20.6],"tc":[3600],"mw":{"def":13.5,"min":10,"max":16},"gamma":[1.2],"eps":[69],"f":[1860,100,3000]},"propellant":"LOX/LH2","cycle":"fuel-rich","example":"Space Shuttle"},
{"id":"solid-rocket-booster","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Solid rocket booster","short":"A cast propellant grain burning from a central channel","blurb":"Fuel and oxidiser are mixed into a rubbery grain cast inside the motor case; once lit, it burns from its central channel until it is gone. No pumps or valves: enormous thrust for little complexity, but no throttle or shutdown.","aliases":["solid rocket booster","solid booster","solid motor","solid rocket motor","srb","strap-on booster"],"commands":["solid rocket booster, 12500 kN at 6 MPa","solid motor with area ratio 15"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[6.3,2,15],"tc":[3300],"mw":{"def":28,"min":22,"max":32},"gamma":{"def":1.16,"min":1.12},"eps":[7.7,3,40],"f":[12500,100,16000]},"propellant":"solid","cycle":"solid"},
{"id":"hybrid-rocket-motor","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Hybrid rocket motor","short":"A solid fuel grain burned with a liquid or gaseous oxidiser","blurb":"Nitrous oxide flows through a rubbery fuel grain and burns along its surface. Unlike a solid motor it can be throttled and shut down; unlike a liquid engine it needs only one pump or none. Suborbital spaceplanes have flown on hybrids.","aliases":["hybrid rocket","hybrid motor","hybrid rocket motor","nitrous hybrid","hybrid engine","rubber-fuel motor"],"commands":["hybrid rocket motor, 270 kN at 4.5 MPa","hybrid motor with area ratio 40"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[4.5,1,10],"tc":[3100],"mw":{"def":26,"min":22,"max":30},"gamma":[1.24],"eps":[15,5,100],"f":[270,5,1000]},"propellant":"N2O/HTPB","cycle":"hybrid"},
{"id":"pressure-fed-hypergolic-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Pressure-fed hypergolic engine","short":"Self-igniting propellants pushed by tank pressure; restartable","blurb":"Two propellants that ignite on contact are pushed from their tanks by helium: no pumps, no igniter, restartable hundreds of times after years in space. Low chamber pressure keeps the tanks light enough. Service modules and landers rely on engines like this.","aliases":["hypergolic engine","pressure-fed engine","pressure fed engine","hypergolic thruster","storable engine","service module engine"],"commands":["hypergolic engine, 27 kN at 0.9 MPa in vacuum","pressure-fed engine with area ratio 150"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[0.9,0.3,3],"tc":[3100],"mw":{"def":21.5,"min":18,"max":24},"gamma":[1.23],"eps":[60,10,300],"f":[27,0.5,120],"pa":[0]},"propellant":"NTO/MMH","cycle":"pressure-fed"},
{"id":"aerospike-engine","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Aerospike engine","short":"A nozzle that adapts its expansion to altitude","blurb":"Instead of a bell, the exhaust flows along the outside of a central spike; the open side lets the surrounding air shape the plume, so the expansion adjusts itself from sea level to vacuum. Compare its Isp against altitude with an ordinary bell of the same size.","aliases":["aerospike","aerospike engine","plug nozzle engine","altitude-compensating engine","linear aerospike","spike nozzle"],"commands":["aerospike engine, 900 kN, area ratio 58","aerospike at sea level with 6 MPa"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[6,2,20],"tc":[3400],"mw":{"def":12,"min":10,"max":16},"gamma":[1.2],"eps":[58,10,150],"f":[900,50,3000]},"propellant":"LOX/LH2","cycle":"aerospike"},
{"id":"nuclear-thermal-rocket","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Nuclear thermal rocket","short":"A reactor heats hydrogen to very high exhaust speed","blurb":"Liquid hydrogen flows through the hot core of a small reactor and leaves the nozzle at around 9 km/s, twice the speed of the best chemical exhaust, because hydrogen molecules are so light. Engines like this were built and ground-tested in the 1960s.","aliases":["nuclear thermal rocket","nuclear rocket","nuclear thermal engine","ntr","reactor rocket","nuclear engine"],"commands":["nuclear thermal rocket at 2700 K, 333 kN","nuclear rocket with area ratio 200"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":[3.1,1,10],"tc":[2700,2000,3000],"mw":{"def":2.016,"min":2,"max":2.6,"step":0.001},"gamma":{"def":1.4,"min":1.3,"max":1.45},"eps":[100,20,300],"f":[333,20,1000],"pa":[0]},"propellant":"LH2","cycle":"nuclear"},
{"id":"monopropellant-hydrazine-thruster","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Monopropellant hydrazine thruster","short":"A catalyst decomposes hydrazine for small attitude burns","blurb":"Hydrazine flows over a hot catalyst bed and decomposes into hot gas: one propellant, one valve, ignition in milliseconds. Satellites carry clusters of these for attitude control and small orbit corrections.","aliases":["hydrazine thruster","monopropellant thruster","monoprop thruster","attitude thruster","catalyst thruster","hydrazine engine"],"commands":["hydrazine thruster, 22 N","monopropellant thruster at 2 MPa, 5 N"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":{"def":1.5,"min":0.3,"max":3},"tc":{"def":1150,"min":900,"max":1300},"mw":{"def":13,"min":11,"max":16},"gamma":{"def":1.27,"max":1.35},"eps":[50,10,200],"f":{"def":22,"min":0.5,"max":500,"unit":"N","step":0.5},"pa":[0]},"propellant":"N2H4","cycle":"monoprop"},
{"id":"cold-gas-thruster","archetype":"ENG","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Cold-gas thruster","short":"Pressurised gas released through a nozzle for fine control","blurb":"The simplest rocket of all: compressed nitrogen released through a tiny nozzle. Its push is weak and its exhaust slow, but it is clean, safe and precise, ideal for fine pointing and spacewalk jetpacks.","aliases":["cold gas thruster","cold-gas thruster","nitrogen thruster","gas jet","cold gas jet","compressed gas thruster"],"commands":["cold gas thruster, 1 N at 0.35 MPa","nitrogen thruster with area ratio 60"],"tpl":"ENG","set":{"pc":{"def":0.35,"min":0.05,"max":2},"tc":{"def":300,"min":200,"max":400},"mw":{"def":28,"min":4,"max":44},"gamma":{"def":1.4,"min":1.3,"max":1.67},"eps":[40,5,100],"f":{"def":1,"min":0.01,"max":50,"unit":"N","step":0.01},"pa":[0]},"propellant":"N2","cycle":"cold-gas"},
{"id":"hall-effect-thruster","archetype":"EP","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Hall-effect thruster","short":"Ions accelerated in an annular channel by crossed fields","blurb":"Xenon flows into a ring-shaped channel where a radial magnetic field traps electrons; their electric field accelerates the ions out at around 17 km/s. More thrust per kilowatt than a gridded engine, a little less efficient. Thousands fly on broadband satellites.","aliases":["hall thruster","hall-effect thruster","hall effect thruster","stationary plasma thruster","hall effect engine","annular thruster"],"commands":["hall thruster at 300 V and 1.35 kW","hall-effect thruster on krypton, 5 kW"],"tpl":"EP","set":{"v":[300,150,800],"p":[1.35,0.2,20],"eta":{"def":0.5,"min":0.3,"max":0.7},"gas":{"choices":["xenon","krypton"]},"m0":[500,50,6000],"mp":[140,5,1000],"di":[0]},"kind":"hall","v_lo":200,"v_hi":800,"v_util":0.7},
{"id":"electrospray-colloid-thruster","archetype":"EP","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Electrospray / colloid thruster","short":"Micro-newton thrust from charged droplets and ions for precise control","blurb":"A strong electric field pulls charged droplets and ions straight from tips wetted with an ionic liquid: no gas, no chamber, thrust in micronewtons, controllable to tiny fractions. Small satellites use arrays of them to manoeuvre.","aliases":["electrospray thruster","colloid thruster","electrospray","ionic liquid thruster","micro thruster","electrospray colloid thruster"],"commands":["electrospray thruster at 1500 V and 20 W","colloid thruster for a 12 kg cubesat"],"tpl":"EP","set":{"v":[1500,500,3000],"p":{"def":0.02,"min":0.002,"max":0.2,"step":0.001},"eta":[0.5],"gas":{"choices":["ionic liquid"],"def":"ionic liquid"},"m0":{"def":12,"min":1,"max":200,"step":0.5,"roles":["cubesat","satellite","spacecraft","mass"]},"mp":{"def":0.1,"min":0.01,"max":5,"step":0.01},"di":[0]},"kind":"electrospray","v_lo":500,"v_hi":2500,"from_km":500,"to_km":800},
{"id":"solar-sail","archetype":"SAIL","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Solar sail","short":"A large thin reflective film pushed by sunlight","blurb":"Sunlight carries momentum; a mirror-like film thinner than a hair, tens of metres across, feels a push that never runs out. Tilting the sail steers it inwards or outwards from the Sun. IKAROS sailed past Venus in 2010.","aliases":["solar sail","light sail","sun sail","solar sailing","photon sail","solar sail spacecraft"],"commands":["solar sail 1600 m² on 40 kg to 1.52 AU","light sail with 35 degree tilt"],"tpl":"SAIL","kind":"sail","example":"IKAROS"},
{"id":"electrodynamic-tether","archetype":"SAIL","category":"Rocket engines and in-space propulsion","name":"Electrodynamic tether","short":"A long conducting wire that gains or loses orbit energy in Earth's field","blurb":"A wire kilometres long trails from a satellite through Earth's magnetic field; the motion induces a voltage, a current flows through the surrounding plasma, and the field pushes back, lowering the orbit without propellant.","aliases":["electrodynamic tether","tether","space tether","deorbit tether","conducting tether","electrodynamic tether system"],"commands":["electrodynamic tether 5 km for a 500 kg satellite at 800 km","deorbit tether with a 1 mm wire"],"tpl":"SAIL_tether","kind":"tether"},
{"id":"geostationary-comsat","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Geostationary communications satellite","short":"Parked over one longitude, relaying TV and data to small dishes","blurb":"Thirty-six thousand kilometres up, the satellite circles once per sidereal day and so hangs still in the sky. Large solar wings power dozens of transponders, reflectors shape the beams onto a region, and a small propellant load keeps it in its slot for fifteen years or more. Size the power, antennas and life and the link to a home dish follows.","aliases":["geostationary satellite","geo comsat","comsat","communications satellite","geo satellite","tv satellite","broadcast satellite","geostationary comsat"],"params":[{"k":"p_load","label":"Payload power","unit":"kW","dim":"power","min":1,"max":25,"step":0.5,"def":10,"group":"Power","roles":["payload power","payload","power"]},{"k":"m","label":"Launch mass","unit":"kg","dim":"mass","min":1500,"max":7000,"step":50,"def":5000,"group":"Bus","roles":["launch mass","mass"]},{"k":"life","label":"Design life","unit":"years","dim":"time","min":5,"max":20,"step":1,"def":15,"group":"Bus","roles":["life","lifetime"]},{"k":"f","label":"Downlink frequency","unit":"GHz","dim":"frequency","min":4,"max":30,"step":0.5,"def":12,"group":"Link","roles":["downlink","frequency","band"]},{"k":"d","label":"Antenna reflector diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":1,"max":5,"step":0.1,"def":2.5,"group":"Link","roles":["antenna","reflector"]},{"k":"ptx","label":"Power per transponder","unit":"W","dim":"power","min":20,"max":300,"step":5,"def":130,"group":"Link","roles":["transponder","per transponder"]},{"k":"dg","label":"Ground dish diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.45,"max":3,"step":0.05,"def":0.6,"group":"Link","roles":["dish","ground dish","home dish"]},{"k":"lon","label":"Orbital slot longitude","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":-180,"max":180,"step":1,"def":19,"group":"Bus","roles":["longitude","slot"]}],"commands":["geostationary comsat 12 kW payload, 15 year life, Ku band","geo satellite with a 3 m antenna at 20 GHz and 0.45 m dishes"]},
{"id":"leo-broadband-constellation-satellite","archetype":"CON","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Low-orbit broadband constellation satellite","short":"Thousands of small satellites close to Earth for low-latency internet","blurb":"A few hundred kilometres up, each satellite sees only a small patch of ground and races across the sky in minutes, so thousands are needed for unbroken coverage. In return the signal path is short and the delay small. Starlink is a well-known constellation of this kind. Change altitude, planes and the elevation mask to see coverage, latency and how fast a dead satellite falls back.","example":"Starlink","aliases":["broadband constellation","constellation","leo constellation","internet constellation","megaconstellation","broadband satellite","starlink-class","low earth orbit constellation"],"params":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":340,"max":1200,"step":5,"def":550,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","at"]},{"k":"inc","label":"Inclination","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":40,"max":98,"step":0.5,"def":53,"group":"Orbit","roles":["inclination","inclined"]},{"k":"emin","label":"Minimum elevation","unit":"deg","dim":"angle","min":10,"max":40,"step":1,"def":25,"group":"Orbit","roles":["elevation","elevation mask","mask"]},{"k":"planes","label":"Orbital planes","unit":"","dim":"count","min":10,"max":100,"step":1,"def":72,"group":"Constellation","roles":["planes","plane"]},{"k":"spp","label":"Satellites per plane","unit":"","dim":"count","min":5,"max":60,"step":1,"def":22,"group":"Constellation","roles":["satellites per plane","per plane","satellites"]},{"k":"cap","label":"Capacity per satellite","unit":"Gbit/s","dim":"datarate","min":1,"max":100,"step":1,"def":20,"group":"Constellation","roles":["capacity"]}],"commands":["broadband constellation at 550 km, 25 degree elevation mask","constellation with 40 planes of 30 satellites at 1100 km"]},
{"id":"high-throughput-geostationary-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"High-throughput geostationary satellite","short":"Many narrow spot beams for broadband capacity","blurb":"Instead of one wide beam, a hundred or more narrow spot beams each reuse the same frequencies, multiplying the capacity many times over. Ka-band reflectors shape the beams; the payload draws over 15 kW.","aliases":["high-throughput satellite","high throughput satellite","hts","spot beam satellite","broadband geo satellite","ka-band satellite"],"commands":["high-throughput satellite 15 kW at 20 GHz","spot beam satellite with 3 m reflectors, 18 kW"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[15,5,25],"m":[6400],"f":[20],"d":{"def":2.6,"roles":["reflectors","reflector","antenna"]},"ptx":[100],"dg":[0.75]},"payload":"hts","beams":100,"bw_mhz":500,"rate_mbps":100},
{"id":"highly-elliptical-high-latitude-comsat","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Highly elliptical high-latitude comsat","short":"A long-dwell elliptical orbit over the polar regions","blurb":"Geostationary satellites sit low on the horizon near the poles. A 12-hour orbit tilted at 63.4° with its high point over the north instead lets a satellite hang high above the Arctic for eight hours at a time; the Molniya satellites first used it.","aliases":["highly elliptical","molniya orbit satellite","high-latitude comsat","elliptical orbit comsat","polar communications satellite","highly elliptical comsat"],"commands":["highly elliptical comsat with 2 kW payload","molniya orbit satellite at 4 GHz"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[2,0.5,10],"m":[1600,800,3000],"life":[7],"f":[4],"d":[1.5],"ptx":[40],"dg":[2.5]},"drop":["lon"],"orbit":"HEO"},
{"id":"tracking-and-data-relay-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Tracking and data relay satellite","short":"A geostationary relay linking low-orbit spacecraft with the ground","blurb":"A low-orbit spacecraft sees a ground station for only minutes per pass. A relay in geostationary orbit sees it for most of each orbit and passes its data down to one ground site, using large steerable dishes.","aliases":["data relay satellite","relay satellite","tracking and data relay","tdrs-class relay","geostationary relay","space relay"],"commands":["data relay satellite with 4.9 m dishes at 26 GHz","relay satellite 3 kW"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[3,1,10],"m":[3450],"f":[26],"d":{"def":4.9,"min":1,"max":6,"roles":["dishes","antennas","antenna"]},"ptx":[20],"dg":{"def":18,"min":1,"max":20,"roles":["ground terminal"]}},"payload":"relay","rate_mbps":300},
{"id":"direct-to-device-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Direct-to-device satellite","short":"A huge antenna in low orbit talking straight to ordinary phones","blurb":"A phone's antenna is tiny and weak, so the satellite makes up for it with a phased array tens of square metres across, a few hundred kilometres up. Every decibel counts on this link.","aliases":["direct-to-device","direct to device","satellite to phone","phone satellite","direct-to-phone satellite","cell tower in space"],"commands":["direct-to-device satellite at 520 km, 8 m antenna","satellite to phone with a 12 m antenna"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[5,1,25],"m":[1500,300,6000],"life":[7],"f":{"def":0.85,"min":0.6,"max":3,"step":0.05},"d":[8,1,20],"ptx":[100],"dg":{"def":0.15,"min":0.05,"max":1,"step":0.01}},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":520,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"d2d","array_m2":64,"rate_mbps":10,"inc":53},
{"id":"cubesat-1u-to-12u","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"CubeSat (1U to 12U)","short":"Standard 10 cm cube units stacked into small satellites","blurb":"A satellite built from standard 10 cm cubes, each no heavier than two kilograms, so it rides to orbit in a standard dispenser beside bigger payloads. A 3U cubesat is the size of a loaf of bread.","aliases":["cubesat","cube sat","cubesat 3u","nanosatellite cube","1u cubesat","small cube satellite"],"commands":["cubesat 4 kg at 500 km","cubesat with 8 W payload at 450 km"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":{"def":0.006,"min":0.001,"max":0.1,"step":0.001},"m":{"def":4,"min":1,"max":24,"step":0.1},"life":[3,1,7],"f":{"def":8,"min":2,"max":12},"d":{"def":0.1,"min":0.05,"max":0.5,"step":0.01},"ptx":{"def":2,"min":0.5,"max":10,"step":0.1},"dg":[3,1,10]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":800,"step":5,"def":500,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"cubesat","units":3,"rate_mbps":1},
{"id":"internet-of-things-nanosatellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Internet-of-things nanosatellite","short":"A tiny satellite collecting short messages from sensors","blurb":"Remote sensors on farms, pipelines and buoys send a few bytes at a time; a small satellite passing overhead collects thousands of messages per pass and forwards them to a ground station.","aliases":["iot satellite","internet-of-things satellite","internet of things nanosatellite","sensor data satellite","iot nanosatellite","message relay nanosat"],"commands":["iot satellite 10 kg at 550 km","internet of things nanosatellite at 600 km"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":{"def":0.02,"min":0.005,"max":0.2,"step":0.005},"m":{"def":10,"min":3,"max":50,"step":0.5},"life":[5],"f":{"def":2.2,"min":0.4,"max":12},"d":{"def":0.3,"min":0.05,"max":1},"ptx":{"def":5,"min":0.5,"max":20},"dg":[3,1,10]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":550,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"iot","rate_mbps":0.1},
{"id":"maritime-ship-tracking-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Maritime ship-tracking satellite","short":"Receives ship identification signals over the oceans","blurb":"Every large ship broadcasts its identity and position on two VHF channels. Coastal stations hear them only near land; a satellite hears thousands at once over open ocean, as long as their messages do not collide.","aliases":["ship tracking satellite","maritime satellite","ais satellite","ship-tracking satellite","vessel tracking satellite","maritime tracking"],"commands":["ship tracking satellite 30 kg at 600 km","maritime satellite at 500 km"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":{"def":0.05,"min":0.01,"max":0.5,"step":0.01},"m":{"def":30,"min":5,"max":150},"life":[5],"f":{"def":8,"min":2,"max":12},"d":{"def":0.2,"min":0.05,"max":1},"ptx":{"def":5,"min":0.5,"max":20},"dg":[3,1,10]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":600,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"ais","rate_mbps":50},
{"id":"optical-inter-satellite-link-terminal","archetype":"SAT","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Optical inter-satellite link terminal","short":"A laser terminal passing data between satellites","blurb":"A small telescope sends a laser beam only a few tens of metres wide to another satellite thousands of kilometres away. Laser links carry gigabits per second with no radio licence, but must point to millionths of a radian.","aliases":["laser terminal","optical link terminal","laser link","optical inter-satellite link","laser communication terminal","space laser link"],"commands":["laser terminal with a 10 cm telescope at 550 km","optical link terminal, 2 W at 600 km"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":{"def":0.15,"min":0.03,"max":1,"step":0.01},"m":{"def":300,"min":50,"max":2000},"life":[7],"f":[12],"d":{"def":0.1,"min":0.03,"max":0.3,"step":0.005,"label":"Telescope aperture","roles":["telescope","aperture"]},"ptx":{"def":2,"min":0.1,"max":20,"step":0.1,"label":"Laser power"},"dg":[1.2]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":550,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"optical","range_km":4000},
{"id":"low-orbit-voice-and-data-constellation-satellite","archetype":"CON","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Low-orbit voice and data constellation satellite","short":"A cross-linked fleet giving global phone coverage","blurb":"Sixty-six satellites in six polar planes cover the whole Earth, poles included, and pass calls from one to the next over inter-satellite links. Iridium works this way.","aliases":["voice and data constellation","satellite phone constellation","polar constellation","global phone constellation","cross-linked constellation","voice constellation"],"commands":["satellite phone constellation at 780 km with 6 planes of 11 satellites","polar constellation, 8 degree elevation mask"],"tpl":"CON","set":{"h":[780,500,1200],"inc":[86.4,70,98],"emin":{"def":8.2,"min":5},"planes":[6,2,30],"spp":[11,5,30],"cap":{"def":0.1,"min":0.01,"max":5,"step":0.01}},"deorbit_burn":1,"example":"Iridium"},
{"id":"medium-orbit-navigation-satellite","archetype":"CON","category":"Communication and navigation satellites","name":"Medium-orbit navigation satellite","short":"Broadcasts precise time signals for positioning","blurb":"About 24 satellites 20,200 km up broadcast the time from atomic clocks; a receiver that hears four of them can solve for its position and clock error. GPS and Galileo use orbits like this.","aliases":["navigation satellite","navigation constellation","gps-class satellite","positioning satellite","medium orbit navigation","satnav constellation"],"commands":["navigation constellation at 20200 km with 6 planes of 4 satellites","navigation satellite at 23200 km, 56 degree inclination"],"tpl":"CON","set":{"h":[20200,10000,30000,100],"inc":[55,40,70],"emin":{"def":5,"min":0},"planes":[6,2,12],"spp":[4,2,12]},"drop":["cap"],"fixed":{"cap":5e-05},"kind":"nav","example":"GPS"},
{"id":"sun-synchronous-imaging-satellite","archetype":"OBS","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Sun-synchronous optical imaging satellite","short":"A telescope looking straight down, crossing every place at the same local time","blurb":"The orbit is tilted just past the pole so that Earth's bulge turns it once a year, keeping the lighting the same on every pass. A compact telescope sweeps a strip of ground under a long line of detector pixels. Trade altitude, aperture, focal length and pixel size for sharper pictures, wider swaths and the flood of data that has to come down.","aliases":["earth observation satellite","imaging satellite","sso imager","optical satellite","imager","remote sensing satellite","sun synchronous satellite","earth imaging"],"params":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":400,"max":800,"step":5,"def":600,"group":"Orbit","roles":["altitude","at"]},{"k":"d","label":"Aperture","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":1.5,"step":0.01,"def":0.5,"group":"Telescope","roles":["aperture","mirror"]},{"k":"f","label":"Focal length","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":0.5,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":5,"group":"Telescope","roles":["focal length","focal"]},{"k":"p","label":"Pixel pitch","unit":"um","dim":"length","min":3,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":6,"group":"Detector","roles":["pixel","pixels","pixel pitch"]},{"k":"lam","label":"Band centre","unit":"nm","dim":"length","min":450,"max":900,"step":5,"def":650,"group":"Detector","roles":["band","wavelength"]},{"k":"npx","label":"Pixels across track","unit":"","dim":"count","min":2000,"max":40000,"step":100,"def":12000,"group":"Detector","roles":["pixels across","across track"]},{"k":"bits","label":"Bits per pixel","unit":"","dim":"count","min":8,"max":14,"step":1,"def":12,"group":"Data","roles":["bits","bit"]},{"k":"rate","label":"Downlink rate","unit":"Mbit/s","dim":"datarate","min":100,"max":3000,"step":10,"def":800,"group":"Data","roles":["downlink","link"]}],"commands":["earth observation satellite 0.5 m GSD at 600 km","SSO imager 1 m aperture, 6 micron pixels, 500 km"],"duty":0.08},
{"id":"synthetic-aperture-radar-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Synthetic-aperture radar satellite","short":"Images through cloud and darkness with radar","blurb":"A long antenna sends radar pulses sideways and records their echoes; combining echoes along the track synthesises an aperture kilometres long, giving metre-scale pictures day or night, through cloud. Sentinel-1 works this way.","aliases":["radar satellite","sar satellite","synthetic aperture radar","radar imaging satellite","synthetic-aperture radar satellite","imaging radar"],"commands":["radar satellite with a 12 m antenna at 693 km","sar satellite at 5.4 GHz"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[4,0.5,10],"m":[2300,500,4000],"life":[7],"f":{"def":5.4,"min":1,"max":10},"d":{"def":12,"min":2,"max":15,"label":"Antenna length"},"ptx":[50],"dg":[3]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":693,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"sar","bw_mhz":100,"rate_mbps":520,"inc":98.2,"example":"Sentinel-1"},
{"id":"polar-orbiting-weather-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Polar-orbiting weather satellite","short":"Global temperature and moisture soundings twice a day","blurb":"Crossing the poles 14 times a day, it scans a strip almost 3,000 km wide and sees every place on Earth twice daily, measuring temperature and moisture profiles that feed weather forecasts.","aliases":["polar weather satellite","polar-orbiting weather satellite","weather sounder","polar orbiting weather satellite","sounding satellite","polar meteorological satellite"],"commands":["polar weather satellite at 830 km","polar-orbiting weather satellite 1.5 kW"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[1.5],"m":[2200,500,4000],"life":[7],"f":[7.8],"d":[1],"ptx":[20],"dg":[3]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":830,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"sounder","rate_mbps":15,"inc":98.7},
{"id":"ocean-altimetry-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Ocean altimetry satellite","short":"Radar measures sea-surface height to centimetres","blurb":"A radar altimeter times its pulses down to the sea and back; with a precise orbit that gives the height of the ocean surface to a few centimetres, revealing currents, eddies and sea-level rise.","aliases":["altimetry satellite","ocean altimetry","radar altimeter satellite","sea level satellite","ocean altimetry satellite","altimeter satellite"],"commands":["altimetry satellite at 1336 km","ocean altimetry satellite 600 W"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[0.6,0.1,3],"m":[1500,300,3000],"life":[5],"f":[8],"d":[1.2],"ptx":[10,1,100],"dg":[3]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":1336,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"altimetry","bw_mhz":320,"rate_mbps":10,"inc":66},
{"id":"gravity-mapping-satellite-pair","archetype":"SAT","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Gravity-mapping satellite pair","short":"Two satellites measure tiny changes in their separation","blurb":"Two identical satellites fly 220 km apart in the same orbit; as the leader passes over a mass such as a mountain range or an ice sheet it speeds up first, and a microwave link measures the change in their separation to micrometres. GRACE mapped melting ice this way.","aliases":["gravity mapping","gravity mapping pair","gravity satellite pair","satellite pair","gravity-mapping satellites","twin gravity satellites"],"commands":["gravity mapping pair at 490 km","gravity satellite pair 220 km apart"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":{"def":0.15,"min":0.05,"max":1,"step":0.01},"m":[600,200,1500],"life":[5],"f":{"def":2.2,"min":2,"max":12},"d":[0.3,0.1,5],"ptx":[5,1,100],"dg":[10,1,20]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":490,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"pair","separation_km":220,"rate_mbps":1,"inc":89,"example":"GRACE"},
{"id":"earth-radiation-budget-satellite","archetype":"SAT","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Earth radiation budget satellite","short":"Measures the energy coming in and going out of the planet","blurb":"Radiometers measure sunlight reflected by Earth and the heat it radiates, across the whole globe; the small difference between energy in and energy out is what warms or cools the climate.","aliases":["radiation budget satellite","earth radiation budget","energy budget satellite","radiometer satellite","climate radiation satellite","earth energy satellite"],"commands":["radiation budget satellite at 705 km","earth radiation budget satellite 400 W"],"tpl":"SAT","set":{"p_load":[0.4,0.1,3],"m":[1000,200,3000],"life":[5],"f":[8],"d":[1],"ptx":[10,1,100],"dg":[3]},"drop":["lon"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":300,"max":1500,"step":5,"def":705,"group":"Bus","roles":["altitude","at","orbit"]}],"orbit":"LEO","payload":"erb","rate_mbps":15,"inc":98.2},
{"id":"very-high-resolution-commercial-imager","archetype":"OBS","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Very-high-resolution commercial imager","short":"A large telescope giving sub-metre ground pixels","blurb":"A telescope over a metre across, 600 km up, resolves objects the size of a dinner plate: about 30 to 40 cm per pixel. It points quickly off to the side to image a target the moment it comes into reach.","aliases":["very high resolution imager","very-high-resolution imager","high resolution satellite","sub-metre imager","commercial imaging satellite","vhr imager"],"commands":["very high resolution imager 1.1 m aperture at 617 km","high resolution satellite 0.3 m GSD at 620 km"],"tpl":"OBS","set":{"h":[617],"d":[1.1,0.3,1.5],"f":[13.3],"p":[8],"lam":[600],"npx":[35000],"bits":[11],"rate":[1200]},"duty":0.015},
{"id":"geostationary-weather-satellite","archetype":"OBS","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Geostationary weather satellite","short":"Watches a whole hemisphere's weather every few minutes","blurb":"From 35,786 km over the equator an imager scans the full Earth disc every ten minutes in sixteen bands, turning weather into the cloud animations seen on forecasts.","aliases":["geostationary weather satellite","weather satellite","geostationary imager","full-disc imager","weather imager","geo weather satellite"],"commands":["geostationary weather satellite with 0.33 m aperture","weather satellite at 640 nm with 15 micron pixels"],"tpl":"OBS","set":{"d":[0.33,0.1,1.5],"f":[1.1,0.5,15],"p":[15,3,30],"lam":[640],"bits":[12],"rate":[120]},"drop":["h","npx"],"kind":"geo","fixed":{"bands":6},"scan_min":10,"lon":-75},
{"id":"hyperspectral-imaging-satellite","archetype":"OBS","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Hyperspectral imaging satellite","short":"Hundreds of narrow bands to identify minerals and crops","blurb":"A spectrometer splits each ground pixel into hundreds of narrow colour bands; the fingerprint of the reflected light tells minerals, crops and pollutants apart.","aliases":["hyperspectral satellite","hyperspectral imager","imaging spectrometer","hyperspectral imaging","spectral imaging satellite","hyperspectral"],"commands":["hyperspectral imager at 600 km with 230 bands","hyperspectral satellite 30 m pixels"],"tpl":"OBS","set":{"h":[600],"d":[0.1],"f":[1.0],"p":[30,3,40],"lam":{"def":1000,"min":400,"max":2500},"npx":[1000,100,40000],"bits":[12],"rate":[600]},"add":[{"k":"bands","label":"Spectral bands","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":400,"step":1,"def":230,"group":"Detector","roles":["bands","band"]}],"duty":0.05},
{"id":"greenhouse-gas-monitoring-satellite","archetype":"OBS","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Greenhouse-gas monitoring satellite","short":"A spectrometer measuring carbon dioxide and methane","blurb":"Sunlight crossing the atmosphere twice loses tiny slivers of colour to carbon dioxide and methane; a high-resolution spectrometer measures the depth of those absorption lines to work out the gases' concentration below.","aliases":["greenhouse gas satellite","co2 satellite","carbon monitoring satellite","methane satellite","greenhouse-gas monitoring","carbon dioxide satellite"],"commands":["greenhouse gas satellite at 705 km","co2 satellite with 18 micron pixels"],"tpl":"OBS","set":{"h":[705],"d":[0.11],"f":[0.4,0.1,15],"p":[18,3,40],"lam":{"def":1600,"min":700,"max":2500},"npx":[1024,100,40000],"bits":[14],"rate":[150]},"fixed":{"bands":3},"duty":0.3},
{"id":"thermal-infrared-fire-watch-smallsat","archetype":"OBS","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Thermal-infrared fire-watch smallsat","short":"Detects hot spots and wildfires","blurb":"A small satellite with a mid-infrared camera spots fires as hot pixels against cooler ground, day or night, and sends alerts within minutes.","aliases":["fire watch satellite","wildfire satellite","thermal infrared smallsat","fire detection satellite","hot spot satellite","fire-watch smallsat"],"commands":["fire watch satellite at 550 km","wildfire satellite with 15 micron pixels"],"tpl":"OBS","set":{"h":[550],"d":[0.1],"f":[0.3,0.1,15],"p":[15,3,30],"lam":{"def":4000,"min":3000,"max":12000,"step":50},"npx":[2000],"bits":[14],"rate":[300]}},
{"id":"atmospheric-lidar-satellite","archetype":"OBS","category":"Earth observation satellites","name":"Atmospheric lidar satellite","short":"Laser profiles of clouds, aerosols and winds","blurb":"A pulsed laser fires twenty times a second; a one-metre telescope times the faint echoes from cloud tops, dust and smoke at different heights, building vertical slices through the atmosphere along the track.","aliases":["lidar satellite","atmospheric lidar","space lidar","cloud lidar","laser profiling satellite","aerosol lidar"],"commands":["lidar satellite with a 1 m telescope at 705 km","atmospheric lidar at 532 nm"],"tpl":"OBS","set":{"h":[705],"d":{"def":1.0,"roles":["telescope","aperture"]},"f":[1.0],"p":[10],"lam":[532],"npx":[1,1,100,1],"bits":[14],"rate":[100]},"kind":"lidar","pulse_j":0.11,"prf_hz":20.2,"divergence_urad":100},
{"id":"infrared-telescope-l2","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Infrared space telescope at Sun-Earth L2","short":"A large cold mirror behind a multilayer sunshield, far beyond the Moon","blurb":"At the second Lagrange point, about one and a half million kilometres out, Sun, Earth and Moon all sit on one side, so a tennis-court sunshield can keep the mirror cold enough to see faint infrared light. The James Webb Space Telescope works this way. Change the mirror, wavelength, temperature and exposure and see resolution, the telescope's own glow and the faintest object it can detect.","example":"James Webb Space Telescope","aliases":["infrared telescope","space telescope","l2 telescope","ir telescope","webb-class telescope","observatory","telescope","deep space telescope"],"params":[{"k":"d","label":"Primary mirror diameter","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":1,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":6.5,"group":"Optics","roles":["mirror","primary","aperture","telescope"]},{"k":"n","label":"Focal ratio","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":8,"max":30,"step":0.5,"def":20,"group":"Optics","roles":["focal ratio","f-number"]},{"k":"lam","label":"Wavelength","unit":"um","dim":"length","min":0.6,"max":28,"step":0.1,"def":2,"group":"Optics","roles":["wavelength","observe at","observe","band","at"]},{"k":"px","label":"Pixel size","unit":"um","dim":"length","min":5,"max":30,"step":0.5,"def":18,"group":"Detector","roles":["pixel","pixels"]},{"k":"top","label":"Mirror temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":30,"max":300,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Thermal","roles":["temperature","mirror temperature","cooled to"]},{"k":"layers","label":"Sunshield layers","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":7,"step":1,"def":5,"group":"Thermal","roles":["layers","layer","sunshield"]},{"k":"t","label":"Exposure","unit":"s","dim":"time","min":10,"max":100000,"step":10,"def":1000,"log":true,"group":"Observation","roles":["exposure","integration"]},{"k":"mag","label":"Target brightness (AB mag)","unit":"","dim":"ratio","min":15,"max":32,"step":0.1,"def":26,"group":"Observation","roles":["magnitude","mag"]}],"commands":["6.5 m infrared telescope at L2, observe at 2 microns","space telescope with a 10 m mirror at 15 microns, 10000 s exposure"]},
{"id":"optical-ultraviolet-telescope-in-low-orbit","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Optical-ultraviolet telescope in low orbit","short":"A serviceable reflecting telescope above the atmosphere","blurb":"A 2.4 m mirror in a 540 km orbit, above the blurring air and within reach of servicing missions. Without the atmosphere it sees ultraviolet light and stars far fainter than any ground telescope of its size. The Hubble Space Telescope is the famous example.","aliases":["optical telescope","ultraviolet telescope","low orbit telescope","space telescope in low orbit","optical-ultraviolet telescope","hubble-class telescope"],"commands":["optical telescope with a 2.4 m mirror at 0.5 microns","low orbit telescope, 3000 s exposure"],"tpl":"TEL","set":{"d":[2.4],"n":[24],"lam":[0.5,0.1,3],"px":[15],"top":[290],"t":[1000],"mag":[26]},"drop":["layers"],"location":"LEO","h_km":540,"sky_mag":22.9,"example":"Hubble"},
{"id":"x-ray-observatory-with-grazing-incidence-mirrors","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"X-ray observatory with grazing-incidence mirrors","short":"Nested mirrors skim X-rays to a focus","blurb":"X-rays pass straight through ordinary mirrors, but skimming the surface at under a degree they reflect. Nested barrel-shaped shells focus them onto a detector ten metres behind. Chandra resolves half an arcsecond this way.","aliases":["x-ray observatory","x-ray telescope","grazing incidence telescope","x ray telescope","x-ray space telescope","wolter telescope"],"commands":["x-ray telescope with 1.2 m mirrors, 50000 s","x-ray observatory with 4 shells at 1 nm"],"tpl":"TEL_xray","regime":"xray","example":"Chandra"},
{"id":"exoplanet-transit-survey-telescope","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Exoplanet transit survey telescope","short":"Stares at many stars watching for tiny brightness dips","blurb":"A wide-field telescope stares at the same patch of sky for years, measuring the brightness of over a hundred thousand stars; a planet crossing its star dims it by a fraction of a per cent. Kepler found thousands of planets this way.","aliases":["transit survey telescope","exoplanet telescope","planet hunting telescope","transit telescope","exoplanet transit survey","planet-finder telescope"],"commands":["transit survey telescope 0.95 m, 30 minute exposures","exoplanet telescope watching magnitude 12 stars"],"tpl":"TEL","set":{"d":[0.95,0.2,3],"n":[1.5,1,30],"lam":[0.65],"px":[27],"top":[250],"t":[23400],"mag":[12,6,20]},"drop":["layers"],"location":"trailing","science":"transit","pixel_limited":true,"bandwidth":0.6,"sky_mag":22,"example":"Kepler"},
{"id":"gamma-ray-observatory","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Gamma-ray observatory","short":"Detects the highest-energy photons from violent events","blurb":"Gamma rays cannot be focused; instead each one turns into an electron and a positron in thin tungsten foils, and silicon layers track their paths back to the source. Fermi surveys the whole sky every three hours this way.","aliases":["gamma-ray observatory","gamma ray telescope","gamma-ray telescope","pair telescope","high energy telescope","gamma ray observatory"],"commands":["gamma-ray telescope 1.8 m, 30 days","gamma ray observatory at 10 GeV"],"tpl":"TEL_gamma","regime":"gamma","example":"Fermi"},
{"id":"ultraviolet-survey-telescope","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Ultraviolet survey telescope","short":"Images hot stars and galaxies in the ultraviolet","blurb":"A modest telescope with a wide field maps the sky in ultraviolet light, which the atmosphere blocks entirely, picking out young hot stars and galaxies busy forming them.","aliases":["ultraviolet survey telescope","uv telescope","ultraviolet survey","uv survey telescope","ultraviolet space telescope","uv sky survey"],"commands":["uv telescope 0.5 m at 0.23 microns","ultraviolet survey telescope, 1500 s exposures"],"tpl":"TEL","set":{"d":[0.5,0.1,3],"n":[15,1,30],"lam":{"def":0.23,"min":0.1,"max":0.4,"step":0.01},"px":[5],"top":[290],"t":[1500],"mag":[22]},"drop":["layers"],"location":"LEO","h_km":690,"sky_mag":26,"bandwidth":0.3},
{"id":"microwave-background-mapping-satellite","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Microwave background mapping satellite","short":"Maps the faint afterglow of the early Universe","blurb":"The whole sky glows with microwaves at 2.7 K, the cooled light of the young Universe; detectors chilled to a tenth of a degree map ripples a hundred-thousandth as bright from the quiet of L2. Planck made the sharpest such map.","aliases":["microwave background satellite","cmb satellite","cosmic microwave background","microwave background mapper","cmb mapper","background radiation satellite"],"commands":["cmb satellite with a 1.5 m mirror at 2 mm","microwave background mapper, 50 GHz bandwidth"],"tpl":"TEL_radio","set":{"d":[1.5,0.5,5,0.1],"lam":{"def":0.21,"min":0.03,"max":1,"step":0.01},"trx":{"def":0.3,"min":0.1,"max":30,"step":0.1},"bw":{"def":50,"min":1,"max":200,"unit":"GHz","step":1},"t":[3600],"flux":[100]},"regime":"cmb","location":"L2","example":"Planck"},
{"id":"solar-observatory-at-sun-earth-l1","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Solar observatory at Sun-Earth L1","short":"Watches the Sun continuously and warns of solar storms","blurb":"At the L1 point, 1.5 million km sunward, the Sun never sets. Extreme-ultraviolet cameras and coronagraphs watch flares and eruptions and give about a day's warning of the storms they send towards Earth. SOHO has done this since 1996.","aliases":["solar observatory","sun observatory","l1 observatory","solar telescope at l1","space weather observatory","sun-watching satellite"],"commands":["solar observatory with a 12 cm telescope at 19.5 nm","space weather observatory, 10 s exposures"],"tpl":"TEL","set":{"d":[0.12,0.05,1],"n":[13],"lam":{"def":0.0195,"min":0.01,"max":1,"step":0.0005},"px":[21],"top":[290],"t":[10,0.1,1000],"mag":[-26.7,-27,-20]},"drop":["layers"],"location":"L1","sky_mag":20,"pixel_limited":true,"example":"SOHO"},
{"id":"astrometry-survey-satellite","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Astrometry survey satellite","short":"Measures the positions and motions of a billion stars","blurb":"Two telescopes spin slowly together, sweeping the sky, and time each star crossing the focal plane over and over for years; positions build up to millionths of an arcsecond, enough to measure distances across the galaxy. Gaia mapped nearly two billion stars.","aliases":["astrometry satellite","star mapping satellite","astrometry survey","star catalogue satellite","astrometric telescope","gaia-class satellite"],"commands":["astrometry satellite 1.45 m mirror at 0.6 microns","star mapping satellite, magnitude 15 stars"],"tpl":"TEL","set":{"d":[1.45],"n":[24],"lam":[0.6],"px":[10],"top":[120],"layers":[1,1,3],"t":[4.4,1,100],"mag":[15]},"location":"L2","science":"astrometry","example":"Gaia"},
{"id":"space-gravitational-wave-interferometer","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Space gravitational-wave interferometer","short":"Laser links between distant spacecraft sense ripples in space-time","blurb":"Three spacecraft millions of kilometres apart exchange laser beams and measure their separations to picometres; a passing gravitational wave from merging black holes stretches one arm and squeezes another. LISA is planned to fly this way.","aliases":["gravitational wave interferometer","gravitational-wave observatory","space interferometer","laser interferometer in space","gravitational wave detector","space gravitational-wave interferometer"],"commands":["gravitational wave interferometer with 2.5 million km arms","space interferometer, 2 W laser and 30 cm telescopes"],"tpl":"TEL_gw","set":{"d":{"roles":["telescope","telescopes","diameter"]}},"regime":"gw","example":"LISA"},
{"id":"giant-segmented-ground-telescope","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Giant segmented ground telescope","short":"A ground observatory with adaptive optics and a mirror tens of metres wide","blurb":"A primary mirror made of hundreds of hexagonal segments, nearly 40 m across, on a dry mountain top; deformable mirrors correct the atmosphere's blurring a thousand times a second, recovering sharp images in the infrared.","aliases":["giant ground telescope","segmented telescope","extremely large telescope","ground telescope","giant segmented telescope","adaptive optics telescope"],"commands":["giant ground telescope 39 m at 2.2 microns","segmented telescope, 1 hour on a magnitude 28 galaxy"],"tpl":"TEL","set":{"d":[39,5,45],"n":[17.5,8,30],"lam":[2.2,0.4,5],"px":[15],"top":[280],"t":[3600],"mag":[28]},"drop":["layers"],"location":"ground","seeing":0.7,"sky_mag":15.5},
{"id":"large-single-dish-radio-telescope","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Large single-dish radio telescope","short":"A huge reflector collecting faint radio waves","blurb":"A dish hundreds of metres across, set into a natural valley, gathers radio waves from pulsars and hydrogen clouds; only part of it is illuminated at a time as the feed moves to point. FAST, 500 m across, is the largest.","aliases":["radio telescope","single-dish radio telescope","large radio dish","radio dish","big radio telescope","single dish"],"commands":["radio telescope 500 m at 21 cm","large radio dish, 600 s on a 0.05 mJy source"],"tpl":"TEL_radio","set":{"d":[500],"lam":[21],"trx":[20],"bw":[400],"t":[600],"flux":[0.05]},"regime":"radio","location":"ground","illum":"partial","altitude_m":1000,"example":"FAST"},
{"id":"radio-interferometer-array","archetype":"TEL","category":"Space telescopes and observatories","name":"Radio interferometer array","short":"Many dishes combined to act as one huge telescope","blurb":"Dozens of dishes spread over tens of kilometres are combined electronically: together they see detail as fine as a single dish the size of the whole array. The Very Large Array has 27 dishes on three arms.","aliases":["radio interferometer","interferometer array","radio array","array of dishes","radio interferometer array","aperture synthesis array"],"commands":["radio interferometer with 27 dishes of 25 m, 36 km baseline","radio array at 6 cm, 1 hour"],"tpl":"TEL_radio","set":{"d":[25,5,100],"lam":[6],"trx":[25],"bw":[1000],"t":[3600],"flux":[0.05]},"add":[{"k":"nant","label":"Antennas","unit":"","dim":"count","min":2,"max":300,"step":1,"def":27,"group":"Array","roles":["dishes","antennas"]},{"k":"base","label":"Longest baseline","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":0.1,"max":200,"step":0.1,"def":36,"group":"Array","roles":["baseline","longest baseline"]}],"regime":"array","location":"ground","altitude_m":2100},
{"id":"mars-orbiter","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Mars orbiter","short":"A reconnaissance and relay spacecraft around Mars","blurb":"After a seven-month cruise the orbiter fires its engine to be captured into a long ellipse, then dips into the upper atmosphere for months to lower its orbit for free. From there it maps the surface and relays data from rovers. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter followed this plan.","aliases":["mars orbiter","mars reconnaissance orbiter","orbiter around mars","mars relay orbiter","mars mapping orbiter","red planet orbiter"],"commands":["mars orbiter 1030 kg dry, 300 km low point","mars orbiter with a 3 m dish and 100 W transmitter"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[1030],"isp":[315],"alt":[300],"ra":[45000],"pw":[4600],"dish":[3],"ptx":[100]},"fixed":{"target":"Mars"},"mission":"orbit"},
{"id":"jupiter-orbiter-with-atmospheric-entry-probe","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Jupiter orbiter with atmospheric entry probe","short":"An orbiter that also drops a probe into the clouds","blurb":"A five-year cruise ends with a burn deep in Jupiter's gravity well to drop into a long orbit; one probe is released to plunge into the clouds. Juno reached Jupiter on solar power alone with wings 9 m long each.","aliases":["jupiter orbiter","orbiter around jupiter","jupiter probe","jupiter mission","giant planet orbiter","jupiter orbiter with probe"],"commands":["jupiter orbiter 1600 kg dry with 14 kW of solar arrays","jupiter orbiter, 4300 km low point"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[1600],"isp":[317],"alt":[4300],"ra":[8000000],"pw":[14000],"dish":[2.5],"ptx":[25]},"fixed":{"target":"Jupiter"},"mission":"orbit","example":"Juno"},
{"id":"saturn-orbiter-with-moon-lander","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Saturn orbiter with moon lander","short":"A long-lived orbiter touring the rings and moons","blurb":"A large nuclear-powered spacecraft brakes into orbit around Saturn and tours the system for years, releasing a lander to parachute onto Titan. Cassini carried the Huygens probe this way.","aliases":["saturn orbiter","orbiter around saturn","saturn mission","saturn probe","ringed planet orbiter","saturn orbiter with lander"],"commands":["saturn orbiter with moon lander, 2500 kg, 885 W generator","saturn orbiter, 20000 km low point"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[2500],"isp":[308],"alt":[20000],"ra":[9000000],"pw":{"def":885,"label":"Radioisotope power at launch"},"dish":[4],"ptx":[20]},"fixed":{"target":"Saturn"},"mission":"orbit","power":"rtg","example":"Cassini"},
{"id":"outer-planet-grand-tour-flyby-probe","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Outer-planet grand-tour flyby probe","short":"Uses successive gravity assists past the giant planets","blurb":"Launched fast and light, the probe swings past Jupiter, which bends its path and flings it on faster than any rocket could; with the planets lined up, it can do the same at each giant planet in turn. Voyager 2 visited all four.","aliases":["grand tour probe","grand-tour flyby","outer planet flyby","voyager-class probe","flyby probe","outer-planet grand tour"],"commands":["grand tour probe with C3 of 102 km²/s²","outer planet flyby passing jupiter at 570000 km"],"tpl":"PRB_fly","set":{"fly":[570000]},"fixed":{"target":"Neptune"},"mission":"flyby","assist":"Jupiter","power":"rtg","example":"Voyager"},
{"id":"fast-pluto-flyby-probe","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Fast Pluto flyby probe","short":"A light, fast spacecraft for the outer Solar System","blurb":"Launched with the highest speed ever given to a spacecraft, then boosted further by Jupiter, a probe the size of a grand piano reaches Pluto in under a decade and photographs it during a single flyby. New Horizons did exactly that.","aliases":["pluto probe","pluto flyby","fast pluto flyby","new horizons-class probe","pluto flyby probe","dwarf planet flyby"],"commands":["pluto flyby probe 400 kg, C3 158 km²/s²","pluto probe passing jupiter at 2300000 km"],"tpl":"PRB_fly","set":{"m_dry":[400],"c3":[158],"fly":[2300000],"pw":[245],"dish":[2.1],"ptx":[12]},"fixed":{"target":"Pluto"},"mission":"flyby","assist":"Jupiter","power":"rtg","min_rate":100,"example":"New Horizons"},
{"id":"close-approach-solar-probe","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Close-approach solar probe","short":"A heat-shielded spacecraft diving close to the Sun","blurb":"Falling towards the Sun is hard: the probe must cancel most of Earth's orbital speed. A big launch plus seven Venus flybys bring the perihelion down to under ten solar radii, where a carbon-foam shield faces sunlight nearly five hundred times stronger than at Earth. Parker Solar Probe flies this way.","aliases":["solar probe","sun probe","close approach solar probe","probe to the sun","parker-class probe","sun-diving probe"],"commands":["solar probe to 9.86 solar radii with C3 154 km²/s²","sun probe, 555 kg"],"tpl":"PRB_solar","fixed":{"target":"Sun"},"mission":"solar","example":"Parker Solar Probe"},
{"id":"ion-driven-asteroid-orbiter","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Ion-driven asteroid orbiter","short":"Electric propulsion to orbit more than one asteroid","blurb":"Gentle ion thrusters, running for years, spiral the spacecraft out to the asteroid belt and into orbit around one asteroid, then out again to another, something no chemical rocket of that size could do. Dawn orbited Vesta and then Ceres.","aliases":["ion asteroid orbiter","asteroid orbiter","ion-driven orbiter","electric propulsion probe","asteroid belt probe","dawn-class probe"],"commands":["ion asteroid orbiter 1220 kg with 425 kg of xenon to Vesta","asteroid orbiter to Ceres, 2.5 kW thruster"],"tpl":"PRB_ion","mission":"ion","array_kw":10,"example":"Dawn"},
{"id":"comet-rendezvous-orbiter-with-lander","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Comet rendezvous orbiter with lander","short":"Matches a comet's orbit and releases a lander","blurb":"After ten years and four planetary flybys the spacecraft matches the comet's speed and drifts beside it, a few tens of kilometres away, as the comet heats up near the Sun, and drops a small lander onto its surface. Rosetta and Philae did this at comet 67P.","aliases":["comet orbiter","comet rendezvous","comet probe","comet chaser","comet rendezvous orbiter","rosetta-class orbiter"],"commands":["comet orbiter 1230 kg, approach speed 0.8 km/s","comet rendezvous, orbit at 30 km"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[1230],"isp":[290],"alt":[30],"ra":[30],"vinf":[0.8],"pw":[8700],"dish":[2.2],"ptx":[28]},"fixed":{"target":"Comet (67P-like)"},"mission":"orbit","example":"Rosetta"},
{"id":"asteroid-sample-return-probe","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Asteroid sample-return probe","short":"Touches an asteroid, collects material and returns a capsule","blurb":"The probe matches orbits with a small near-Earth asteroid, surveys it for months, touches the surface for a few seconds to grab dust and pebbles, then heads home and drops a capsule into Earth's atmosphere. OSIRIS-REx brought back samples of Bennu.","aliases":["sample return probe","asteroid sample return","sample-return spacecraft","asteroid sampler","touch-and-go probe","asteroid sample-return probe"],"commands":["sample return probe 880 kg to Bennu","asteroid sample return, approach speed 0.3 km/s"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[880],"isp":[230],"alt":[1],"ra":[1],"vinf":[0.3],"pw":[3000],"dish":[2],"ptx":[100]},"fixed":{"target":"Bennu-like asteroid"},"mission":"return","example":"OSIRIS-REx"},
{"id":"kinetic-impactor","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Kinetic impactor","short":"A spacecraft that deliberately hits a body to study or deflect it","blurb":"A half-tonne spacecraft hits a small asteroid at six kilometres per second; the crater's ejecta push back too, multiplying the nudge several times. DART shortened the orbit of the moonlet Dimorphos by 32 minutes this way.","aliases":["kinetic impactor","asteroid impactor","planetary defence spacecraft","deflection spacecraft","impactor probe","asteroid deflection"],"commands":["kinetic impactor 580 kg at 6.1 km/s","asteroid impactor with beta 3.6"],"tpl":"PRB_impact","fixed":{"target":"Dimorphos-like moonlet"},"mission":"impact","example":"DART"},
{"id":"lunar-orbiter","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Lunar orbiter","short":"Maps the Moon from low orbit","blurb":"Five days after leaving low Earth orbit the spacecraft brakes into a low circular orbit around the Moon and maps it at metre-scale resolution, measuring temperatures and searching for ice in the shadowed polar craters.","aliases":["lunar orbiter","moon orbiter","orbiter around the moon","lunar mapper","moon mapping orbiter","lunar reconnaissance orbiter"],"commands":["lunar orbiter 1018 kg dry, orbit at 50 km","moon orbiter with a 0.75 m dish"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[1018],"isp":[230],"alt":[50],"ra":[50],"pw":[1850],"dish":[0.75],"ptx":[40]},"fixed":{"target":"Moon"},"mission":"orbit"},
{"id":"venus-orbiter","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Venus orbiter","short":"Radar mapping beneath Venus's clouds","blurb":"Venus is wrapped in permanent cloud, so its surface is mapped with radar from an elliptical orbit. A large braking burn is needed on arrival. Magellan mapped 98% of the surface this way.","aliases":["venus orbiter","orbiter around venus","venus radar mapper","venus mission","venus probe","venus mapping orbiter"],"commands":["venus orbiter 1035 kg dry, 250 km low point","venus orbiter with an 8000 km high point"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[1035],"isp":[295],"alt":[250],"ra":[8000],"pw":[1200],"dish":[3.7],"ptx":[20]},"fixed":{"target":"Venus"},"mission":"orbit","example":"Magellan"},
{"id":"mercury-orbiter","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Mercury orbiter","short":"A heat-tolerant orbiter around the innermost planet","blurb":"Reaching Mercury means losing a lot of orbital energy: several flybys of Earth, Venus and Mercury itself slow the approach before a final braking burn. A sunshade keeps the spacecraft cool where sunlight is seven times as strong as at Earth. MESSENGER orbited Mercury for four years.","aliases":["mercury orbiter","orbiter around mercury","mercury probe","mercury mission","innermost planet orbiter","mercury mapping orbiter"],"commands":["mercury orbiter 510 kg, approach speed 2.3 km/s","mercury orbiter with a 200 km low point and a 15200 km high point"],"tpl":"PRB","set":{"m_dry":[510],"isp":[317],"alt":[200],"ra":[15200],"vinf":[2.3],"pw":[300],"dish":[1.2],"ptx":[18]},"fixed":{"target":"Mercury"},"mission":"orbit","example":"MESSENGER"},
{"id":"interstellar-precursor-probe","archetype":"PRB","category":"Planetary probes and orbiters","name":"Interstellar precursor probe","short":"A very fast probe heading for the edge of the heliosphere","blurb":"A fast launch and a close pass of Jupiter send a small nuclear-powered probe out of the Solar System at more than three astronomical units a year, to sample the boundary where the solar wind meets interstellar space.","aliases":["interstellar probe","interstellar precursor","heliosphere probe","escape probe","deep space probe","solar system escape probe"],"commands":["interstellar probe with C3 140 km²/s²","interstellar precursor passing jupiter at 300000 km"],"tpl":"PRB_fly","set":{"m_dry":[500],"c3":[140],"fly":[300000],"pw":[400],"dish":[3],"ptx":[25]},"fixed":{"target":"Pluto"},"mission":"escape","assist":"Jupiter","power":"rtg","min_rate":100},
{"id":"mars-ascent-vehicle","archetype":"LV","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Mars ascent vehicle","short":"A small rocket that launches rock samples from the Martian surface","blurb":"A two-stage solid rocket stands on the Martian surface with a canister of rock samples, then climbs to low Mars orbit to meet a spacecraft heading home. Mars's lower gravity and thin air make the climb about half as hard as from Earth.","aliases":["mars ascent vehicle","mars rocket","sample launcher","mars ascent rocket","rocket from mars","ascent vehicle"],"commands":["mars ascent vehicle with 16 kg of samples","mars ascent rocket, 30 kg to 400 km"],"tpl":"LV","set":{"m_pl":[0.016,0.005,0.1,0.001],"isp1":[290],"isp3":[295],"eps1":{"def":0.22,"max":0.35},"eps3":{"def":0.25,"max":0.35},"tw":[1.5]},"drop":["n","isp2","eps2","orbit"],"add":[{"k":"h","label":"Orbit altitude","unit":"km","dim":"length","min":200,"max":600,"step":5,"def":343,"group":"Mission","roles":["altitude","to","orbit"]}],"kind":"expendable","body":"Mars","lat":18.4,"fixed":{"n":2,"f_eng":15,"orbit":"LEO"},"props":["solid","solid"]},
{"id":"mars-sky-crane-landing-system","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Mars sky-crane landing system","short":"A rocket platform lowers a large rover on cables","blurb":"A lifting aeroshell sheds most of the speed in the thin Martian air, a supersonic parachute takes off more, then a rocket-powered descent stage hovers and lowers the rover on nylon cords before flying away. Curiosity and Perseverance landed this way.","aliases":["sky crane","sky-crane","mars lander","mars landing system","mars sky crane","rover landing system"],"commands":["mars sky crane 3300 kg, 4.5 m heat shield, entry at 5.8 km/s","mars lander with a 21.5 m parachute"],"tpl":"EDL","body":"Mars","landing":"sky crane","ld":0.24,"bank":60,"v_deploy":420,"g_limit":15,"example":"Curiosity"},
{"id":"mars-airbag-lander","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Mars airbag lander","short":"Bouncing airbags cushion a small lander's impact","blurb":"After the heat shield and parachute, retro-rockets stop the descent about a hundred metres up, giant airbags inflate around the lander and it drops, bouncing across the surface for a kilometre before rolling to a stop. Pathfinder, Spirit and Opportunity landed this way.","aliases":["airbag lander","mars airbag lander","bouncing lander","airbag landing","mars airbag landing","cushioned lander"],"commands":["airbag lander 830 kg with a 15 m parachute","mars airbag lander entering at 5.5 km/s"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[830],"d":[2.65],"cd":[1.6],"rn":[0.66],"ve":[5.5],"gam":[11.5],"dp":[15]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Mars","landing":"airbags","ld":0,"v_deploy":420,"stroke":1.0},
{"id":"robotic-lunar-lander","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Robotic lunar lander","short":"Retro-rockets and radar for a soft Moon landing","blurb":"With no air to slow it, a lunar lander brakes its whole orbital speed with rockets: a short burn to lower its orbit, a long braking burn guided by radar, a hover to choose a safe spot and a gentle touchdown on crushable legs.","aliases":["lunar lander","moon lander","robotic lunar lander","robotic moon lander","lunar landing craft","uncrewed lunar lander"],"commands":["lunar lander 1500 kg with a 7.5 kN engine","moon lander from 100 km, 30 s hover"],"tpl":"EDL_air","body":"Moon","kind":"airless","fixed":{"m_asc":0}},
{"id":"crewed-lunar-lander-two-stage","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Crewed lunar lander (two-stage)","short":"The descent stage stays behind; the ascent stage returns the crew to orbit","blurb":"The descent stage brakes from lunar orbit and lands; when the stay is over, the crew cabin lifts off on its own small engine, using the descent stage as its launch pad, and climbs back to the waiting spacecraft. The Apollo Lunar Module worked this way.","aliases":["crewed lunar lander","2-stage lunar lander","lunar module","crewed moon lander","2-stage lander","apollo-class lander"],"commands":["crewed lunar lander 15 t with a 45 kN descent engine","two-stage lunar lander, 4.7 t ascent stage"],"tpl":"EDL_air","set":{"m0":[15100],"isp":[311],"tr":[45],"alt":[110],"hover":[90],"vtd":[1.0]},"add":[{"k":"m_asc","label":"Ascent stage mass","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":1,"max":15,"step":0.1,"def":4.7,"group":"Ascent","roles":["ascent stage","ascent"]}],"body":"Moon","kind":"airless","isp_asc":311,"example":"Apollo Lunar Module"},
{"id":"large-crewed-lunar-landing-system","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Large crewed lunar landing system","short":"A big lander for long stays at the lunar poles","blurb":"A lander the size of an upper stage, refuelled in orbit, carries a crew and many tonnes of cargo down to the polar regions and later back up to lunar orbit. Its size makes the braking burn the biggest ever attempted on the Moon.","aliases":["large lunar lander","big lunar lander","large crewed lunar lander","heavy moon lander","polar lunar lander","large crewed lunar landing system"],"commands":["large lunar lander 1200 t with 4000 kN of thrust","big lunar lander from 100 km"],"tpl":"EDL_air","set":{"m0":[1200000],"isp":[375],"tr":[4000],"alt":[100],"hover":[30],"vtd":[1.0]},"body":"Moon","kind":"airless","fixed":{"m_asc":0}},
{"id":"venus-lander","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Venus lander","short":"A pressure- and heat-hardened capsule for the Venus surface","blurb":"A spherical lander hits the atmosphere at 11 km/s, then descends through ninety times Earth's surface pressure and 460 °C on a small parachute and a drag plate, surviving about an hour on the ground. The Venera landers took the only photographs from the surface.","aliases":["venus lander","venus probe lander","lander on venus","venus surface lander","venera-class lander","hot planet lander"],"commands":["venus lander 760 kg entering at 11.2 km/s","venus lander with a 2.4 m shell"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[760],"d":[2.4],"cd":[1.0],"rn":[1.2],"ve":[11.2],"gam":[20],"dp":[3]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Venus","landing":"parachute","ld":0,"v_deploy":200,"g_limit":400,"q_limit":8000,"example":"Venera"},
{"id":"titan-parachute-probe","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Titan parachute probe","short":"Floats down through a thick nitrogen atmosphere","blurb":"Titan's air is four times denser than Earth's at the surface and its gravity weaker than the Moon's, so a probe drifts down under a small parachute for over two hours, photographing rivers and lakes of methane. Huygens landed on Titan this way.","aliases":["titan probe","titan parachute probe","probe to titan","titan lander","huygens-class probe","saturn moon probe"],"commands":["titan probe 320 kg entering at 6 km/s","titan parachute probe with a 3 m parachute"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[320],"d":[2.7],"cd":[1.5],"rn":[1.25],"ve":[6.0],"gam":[65],"dp":[3]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Titan","landing":"parachute","ld":0,"v_deploy":400,"g_limit":50,"example":"Huygens"},
{"id":"comet-and-asteroid-lander","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Comet and asteroid lander","short":"A tiny lander for very low gravity that anchors to the surface","blurb":"On a comet a few kilometres across, gravity is a hundred-thousandth of Earth's; a lander barely heavier than a person drifts down at walking pace and must fire harpoons or screws to avoid bouncing back into space. Philae landed on comet 67P.","aliases":["comet lander","asteroid lander","small body lander","comet and asteroid lander","philae-class lander","low gravity lander"],"commands":["comet lander 100 kg touching down at 1 m/s","asteroid lander released 20 km away"],"tpl":"EDL_air","set":{"m0":[100],"isp":[220],"tr":[0.02],"alt":[20],"hover":[0],"vtd":[1.0]},"body":"Comet","kind":"airless","fixed":{"m_asc":0},"example":"Philae"},
{"id":"crew-capsule-earth-entry-system","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Crew capsule Earth entry system","short":"A blunt capsule, ablative heat shield and parachutes","blurb":"Returning from low orbit at 7.6 km/s, a blunt capsule flies slightly tilted so that its lift keeps the deceleration gentle for the crew, then drogue and main parachutes bring it down to a splashdown at a few metres per second.","aliases":["crew capsule entry","capsule entry system","crew capsule earth entry","capsule re-entry","crew return capsule","re-entry capsule"],"commands":["crew capsule entry 9500 kg at 7.6 km/s","capsule entry system with a 3.7 m heat shield"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[9500],"d":[3.7],"cd":[1.3],"rn":[4.7],"ve":[7.6],"gam":[1.5],"dp":[70]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Earth","landing":"splashdown","ld":0.3,"v_deploy":150,"g_limit":8,"shape":"capsule"},
{"id":"supersonic-parachute","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Supersonic parachute","short":"A decelerator opened at supersonic speed in thin air","blurb":"In the thin Martian air a lander is still flying at twice the speed of sound when it nears the ground, so its parachute must open supersonically and survive violent loads. Here a heavy Mars lander finishes with retro-rockets after the parachute.","aliases":["supersonic parachute","mars parachute","supersonic decelerator","parachute for mars","high-speed parachute","mach 2 parachute"],"commands":["supersonic parachute 21.5 m for a 3300 kg lander","supersonic decelerator opening at 450 m/s"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[2500],"d":[4.5],"dp":[21.5,5,35]},"body":"Mars","landing":"retro","ld":0.24,"v_deploy":450,"h_powered":1200},
{"id":"inflatable-heat-shield","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Inflatable heat shield","short":"A large inflatable cone for heavy payload entry","blurb":"A cone of inflated rings covered with flexible heat-resistant fabric opens to several times the rocket's width, so a heavy payload enters with a very low ballistic coefficient: it slows high up, where the air is thin and heating mild. LOFTID tested a 6 m shield in 2022.","aliases":["inflatable heat shield","inflatable aeroshell","inflatable decelerator","hypersonic inflatable","inflatable entry shield","soft heat shield"],"commands":["inflatable heat shield 6 m for 1200 kg","inflatable aeroshell 12 m, entry at 7.6 km/s"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[1200],"d":[6],"cd":[1.4],"rn":[1.5],"ve":[7.6],"gam":[5],"dp":[25]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Earth","landing":"splashdown","ld":0,"v_deploy":150,"g_limit":30,"example":"LOFTID"},
{"id":"ablative-heat-shield","archetype":"EDL","category":"Landers and entry systems","name":"Ablative heat shield","short":"Material that chars away, carrying heat with it","blurb":"Coming home from the Moon at 11 km/s, a capsule meets heating several times worse than from low orbit. An ablative shield chars, melts and vaporises layer by layer, and the escaping gas carries the heat away. Its thickness follows from the total heat load.","aliases":["ablative heat shield","ablator","heat shield","charring heat shield","lunar return heat shield","ablative shield"],"commands":["ablative heat shield 5 m for a 9000 kg capsule at 11 km/s","heat shield for lunar return, 6.5 degree entry"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[9000],"d":[5.0],"cd":[1.3],"rn":[6.0],"ve":[11.0],"gam":[6.2],"dp":[70]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Earth","landing":"splashdown","ld":0.27,"bank":75,"v_deploy":150,"g_limit":8,"q_limit":1500,"shape":"capsule"},
{"id":"nuclear-powered-mars-rover","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Nuclear-powered Mars rover","short":"A car-sized laboratory rover with a radioisotope generator","blurb":"A one-tonne laboratory on six aluminium wheels, powered day and night by a radioisotope generator whose waste heat also keeps it warm. Its rocker-bogie suspension climbs rocks as tall as the wheels. Curiosity and Perseverance are rovers of this kind.","aliases":["mars rover","nuclear mars rover","nuclear-powered rover","nuclear powered mars rover","rtg rover","car-sized rover"],"commands":["mars rover 900 kg six wheels 0.5 m, 15 degree slope","nuclear mars rover after 5 years on loose sand"],"tpl":"ROV","body":"Mars","power":"rtg","rocker":true,"example":"Curiosity"},
{"id":"solar-powered-mars-rover","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Solar-powered Mars rover","short":"A golf-cart-sized rover on solar panels","blurb":"Six wheels, a rocker-bogie suspension and a deck of solar cells: the rover drives a little each sol on what the panels collect, and dust slowly dims them unless the wind cleans them off. Spirit and Opportunity drove this way, the second for over 45 km.","aliases":["solar mars rover","solar-powered rover","solar powered mars rover","solar rover","mars exploration rover","opportunity-class rover"],"commands":["solar mars rover 185 kg with 140 W panels","solar rover on a 10 degree slope"],"tpl":"ROV","set":{"m":[185],"dw":[0.26],"bw":[0.16],"slope":[10],"v":[50],"pw":{"def":140,"label":"Array power at noon (clear sky)"},"yrs":{"def":90,"min":0,"max":3000,"step":10,"unit":"sols","dim":"ratio","label":"Sols on the surface","roles":["sols","sol"]}},"body":"Mars","power":"solar","rocker":true,"science_wh":200,"example":"Opportunity"},
{"id":"micro-rover","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Micro-rover","short":"A small first-generation rover tied to its lander","blurb":"A rover the size of a microwave oven explores within a few metres of its lander, driving at a centimetre a second on a small solar panel. Sojourner was the first rover on Mars in 1997.","aliases":["micro-rover","micro rover","small rover","tiny rover","microrover","sojourner-class rover"],"commands":["micro-rover 11.5 kg with 16 W panel","small rover on loose sand"],"tpl":"ROV","set":{"m":[11.5],"dw":[0.13],"bw":[0.07],"slope":[5],"v":[36],"pw":{"def":16,"label":"Array power at noon (clear sky)"},"yrs":{"def":30,"min":0,"max":365,"step":1,"unit":"sols","dim":"ratio","label":"Sols on the surface","roles":["sols","sol"]}},"body":"Mars","power":"solar","rocker":true,"science_wh":20,"example":"Sojourner"},
{"id":"crewed-lunar-roving-vehicle","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Crewed lunar roving vehicle","short":"A battery buggy carrying two astronauts","blurb":"A folding four-wheel buggy with wire-mesh wheels and an electric motor in each hub carries two astronauts and their tools for tens of kilometres across the Moon on silver-zinc batteries. The Apollo lunar rovers drove up to 36 km on a mission.","aliases":["lunar rover","moon buggy","crewed lunar rover","lunar roving vehicle","moon rover","astronaut buggy"],"commands":["lunar rover 700 kg with 8.6 kWh of batteries","moon buggy at 10 km/h on a 10 degree slope"],"tpl":"ROV","set":{"m":[700],"nw":[4],"dw":[0.82],"bw":[0.23],"slope":[10],"soil":{"def":"lunar regolith"},"v":[10000],"pw":{"def":8.6,"min":1,"max":50,"step":0.1,"unit":"kWh","dim":"energy","label":"Battery energy","roles":["battery","kwh"]}},"drop":["yrs"],"body":"Moon","power":"battery","rocker":false,"hours":6,"fixed":{"yrs":0},"example":"Apollo"},
{"id":"pressurised-lunar-rover","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Pressurised lunar rover","short":"A mobile habitat for multi-day surface trips","blurb":"A pressurised cabin on six large wheels lets two astronauts drive in shirtsleeves for days, sleeping aboard and stepping out through suit ports. It turns short walks into expeditions across hundreds of kilometres.","aliases":["pressurised rover","pressurized rover","pressurised lunar rover","lunar cruiser","mobile habitat","crew cabin rover"],"commands":["pressurised rover 10 t with 150 kWh, 2 crew for 7 days","pressurized rover at 8 km/h"],"tpl":"ROV","set":{"m":[10000],"nw":[6],"dw":[1.2],"bw":[0.4],"slope":[10],"soil":{"def":"lunar regolith"},"v":[10000],"pw":{"def":150,"min":20,"max":600,"step":1,"unit":"kWh","dim":"energy","label":"Energy stored","roles":["battery","kwh","energy"]}},"drop":["yrs"],"add":[{"k":"crew","label":"Crew","unit":"","dim":"count","min":1,"max":4,"step":1,"def":2,"group":"Crew","roles":["crew","astronauts"]},{"k":"days","label":"Sortie length","unit":"days","dim":"time","min":1,"max":45,"step":1,"def":7,"group":"Crew","roles":["days","for"]}],"body":"Moon","power":"battery","rocker":false,"hours":10,"volume_m3":13,"fixed":{"yrs":0}},
{"id":"teleoperated-lunar-rover","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Teleoperated lunar rover","short":"A rover driven remotely from Earth","blurb":"An eight-wheeled rover driven by a team on Earth, seeing the Moon through its cameras with a delay of a few seconds. Lunokhod 2 drove 39 km in 1973 on solar power, closing its lid at night.","aliases":["teleoperated rover","remote-controlled lunar rover","teleoperated lunar rover","lunokhod-class rover","remote lunar rover","driven-from-earth rover"],"commands":["teleoperated rover 756 kg on eight wheels","teleoperated lunar rover with 200 W panels"],"tpl":"ROV","set":{"m":[756],"nw":[8],"dw":[0.51],"bw":[0.2],"slope":[10],"soil":{"def":"lunar regolith"},"v":[1000],"pw":{"def":200,"label":"Array power in sunlight"},"yrs":{"def":30,"min":0,"max":400,"step":1,"unit":"days","dim":"ratio","label":"Days on the surface","roles":["days"]}},"body":"Moon","power":"solar","rocker":false,"science_wh":100,"example":"Lunokhod"},
{"id":"rocker-bogie-suspension","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Rocker-bogie suspension","short":"A six-wheel linkage keeping all wheels on rough ground","blurb":"Two rockers and two bogies, joined by a differential across the body, let each of six wheels follow the ground independently, so the rover can climb a rock as tall as its wheels while the body tilts only half as much. Every NASA Mars rover since 1997 has used it.","aliases":["rocker-bogie","rocker bogie","rocker-bogie suspension","six-wheel suspension","rover suspension","bogie suspension"],"commands":["rocker-bogie for a 1025 kg rover with 0.525 m wheels","rocker bogie on a 20 degree slope"],"tpl":"ROV","set":{"m":[1025],"dw":[0.525],"slope":[12],"v":[150],"yrs":[2]},"body":"Mars","power":"rtg","rocker":true},
{"id":"planetary-drill-and-sampling-arm","archetype":"ROV","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Planetary drill and sampling arm","short":"An arm and drill that gather rock powder","blurb":"A two-metre robotic arm places a turret of tools on a rock; a percussive drill bores a few centimetres in and collects the powder for the onboard laboratories. Low gravity lets a light arm hold a heavy turret.","aliases":["drill arm","sampling arm","rover drill","planetary drill","drill and sampling arm","robotic arm with drill"],"commands":["drill arm with a 30 kg turret, 6.5 cm hole","sampling arm drilling basalt"],"tpl":"ROV_drill","kind":"drill","body":"Mars","arm_kg_per_m":10},
{"id":"mars-helicopter","archetype":"ROTOR","category":"Rovers and surface mobility","name":"Mars helicopter","short":"A rotorcraft flying in Mars's thin air","blurb":"Two counter-rotating rotors 1.2 m across spin at about 2,500 rpm to lift a 1.8 kg craft in air a hundredth as dense as Earth's. Ingenuity made 72 flights on Mars this way.","aliases":["mars helicopter","helicopter on mars","mars rotorcraft","mars drone","ingenuity-class helicopter","martian helicopter"],"commands":["mars helicopter 1.8 kg with 1.21 m rotors","mars rotorcraft at 2800 rpm"],"tpl":"ROTOR","body":"Mars","sound":240,"example":"Ingenuity"},
{"id":"suborbital-rocket-spaceplane","archetype":"LV","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Suborbital rocket spaceplane","short":"Carried aloft, rockets to the edge of space, glides back","blurb":"A winged spaceplane is carried to about 15 km under a carrier aircraft, released, and lit: its hybrid rocket motor drives it almost straight up past 80 km before it feathers its tail and glides back to a runway. SpaceShipTwo flies this way.","aliases":["suborbital spaceplane","rocket spaceplane","suborbital rocket spaceplane","spaceplane","air-launched spaceplane","rocket plane"],"commands":["suborbital spaceplane to 90 km with 3 t","rocket spaceplane to 85 km"],"tpl":"LV_sub","set":{"m_pl":[3,0.5,6],"apo":[88,60,120],"isp1":[250],"eps1":[0.35],"tw":[2.5]},"add":[{"k":"orbit","label":"Flight","choices":["suborbital"],"def":"suborbital","group":"Mission","roles":["flight"]}],"kind":"expendable","fixed":{"n":1,"f_eng":310},"air_dv":800,"props":["N2O/HTPB"],"example":"SpaceShipTwo"},
{"id":"deep-space-crew-capsule","archetype":"EDL","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Deep-space crew capsule","short":"A capsule and service module for lunar missions","blurb":"A five-metre capsule carries four astronauts to lunar orbit and back; on return it skims the atmosphere at 11 km/s, using its lift to spread the heating and deceleration, before splashing down under three main parachutes. Orion is built this way.","aliases":["deep-space capsule","deep space crew capsule","lunar crew capsule","crew capsule for the moon","orion-class capsule","deep-space crew vehicle"],"commands":["deep-space capsule 9300 kg returning at 11 km/s","lunar crew capsule with a 5 m heat shield"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[9300],"d":[5.0],"cd":[1.3],"rn":[6.0],"ve":[11.0],"gam":[6.2],"dp":[70]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Earth","landing":"splashdown","ld":0.27,"bank":75,"v_deploy":150,"g_limit":8,"q_limit":1500,"shape":"capsule","example":"Orion"},
{"id":"lunar-command-module","archetype":"EDL","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Lunar command module","short":"The re-entry capsule of a three-part Moon ship","blurb":"The only part of a Moon ship to come home: a cone four metres wide that hit the atmosphere at 11 km/s, offset its centre of mass to fly with a little lift, and splashed down under three parachutes. The Apollo Command Module did this nine times from the Moon.","aliases":["command module","lunar command module","apollo-class capsule","moon ship capsule","lunar return capsule","command capsule"],"commands":["command module 5560 kg at 11 km/s","lunar command module with a 3.9 m shield"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[5560],"d":[3.9],"cd":[1.3],"rn":[4.7],"ve":[11.03],"gam":[6.3],"dp":[44]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Earth","landing":"splashdown","ld":0.3,"bank":75,"v_deploy":150,"g_limit":8,"q_limit":1500,"shape":"capsule","example":"Apollo"},
{"id":"reusable-winged-orbiter","archetype":"EDL","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Reusable winged orbiter","short":"A spaceplane that glides back to a runway","blurb":"A winged orbiter enters belly-first at a steep angle of attack, its tiles soaking up the heat, then banks from side to side to bleed off energy and glides unpowered to a runway landing. The Space Shuttle orbiter flew this way 133 times.","aliases":["winged orbiter","reusable winged orbiter","space shuttle orbiter","spaceplane orbiter","winged spacecraft","glider orbiter"],"commands":["winged orbiter 95 t with 250 m² wings","reusable winged orbiter entering at 7.6 km/s"],"tpl":"EDL_glide","body":"Earth","kind":"glide","ld":1.0,"bank":70,"ld_glide":1.0,"g_limit":4,"q_limit":150,"example":"Space Shuttle"},
{"id":"suborbital-passenger-capsule","archetype":"EDL","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Suborbital passenger capsule","short":"A short trip above 100 km with a few minutes of weightlessness","blurb":"After separating from its booster near 100 km, the capsule falls back nearly straight down, slowed by the thickening air, and lands under three parachutes with a last puff of a retro-rocket. Passengers feel several g on the way down.","aliases":["suborbital capsule","passenger capsule","suborbital passenger capsule","space tourism capsule","tourist capsule","suborbital crew capsule"],"commands":["suborbital passenger capsule 4500 kg with a 3.7 m heat shield","passenger capsule with 35 m of parachutes"],"tpl":"EDL","set":{"m":[4500],"d":[3.7],"cd":[1.2],"rn":[2.0],"ve":[0.9],"gam":[80],"dp":[40]},"drop":["tr"],"body":"Earth","landing":"parachute","ld":0,"v_deploy":120,"g_limit":10,"shape":"capsule"},
{"id":"three-seat-capsule-with-orbital-module","archetype":"HAB","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Three-seat capsule with orbital module","short":"A three-module craft for station crew transport","blurb":"A small descent capsule for three, an orbital module in front for living space and docking, and a service module behind with engines and solar wings. Soyuz has carried crews this way since 1967.","aliases":["three-seat capsule","three seat capsule","capsule with orbital module","soyuz-class spacecraft","crew ferry capsule","three-module spacecraft"],"commands":["three-seat capsule for 3 crew, 3 days","capsule with orbital module, 10 m³"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[3,1,3],"V":[10,5,20],"h":[400],"pw":[0.6],"r":[1.1],"t":[2.5],"closure":[0],"days":[3,1,30]},"kind":"capsule","example":"Soyuz"},
{"id":"commercial-crew-capsule","archetype":"HAB","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Commercial crew capsule","short":"An automated capsule ferrying crews to a space station","blurb":"A capsule for up to seven, flown automatically, docks with a space station on its own and stays for months as a lifeboat. Crew Dragon flies this way.","aliases":["commercial crew capsule","crew capsule","crew dragon-class capsule","station crew capsule","automated crew capsule","crew ferry"],"commands":["commercial crew capsule for 4 crew, 5 days","crew capsule with 2 kW"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[4,1,7],"V":[9.3,5,20],"h":[400],"pw":[2],"r":[1.85],"t":[3],"closure":[0],"days":[5,1,30]},"kind":"capsule","example":"Crew Dragon"},
{"id":"uncrewed-cargo-resupply-vehicle","archetype":"HAB","category":"Crewed spacecraft","name":"Uncrewed cargo resupply vehicle","short":"Brings supplies to a station and removes waste","blurb":"An automated freighter carries food, water, oxygen and spare parts to a station, stays attached for weeks while the crew unload it, then leaves filled with rubbish to burn up on re-entry.","aliases":["cargo vehicle","cargo resupply vehicle","uncrewed cargo","space freighter","resupply vehicle","cargo ship"],"commands":["cargo vehicle with 3.5 t of cargo","space freighter, 27 m³"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"V":[27,5,80],"h":[400],"pw":[3.5],"r":[1.5],"t":[3],"closure":[90],"days":[30]},"drop":["crew"],"add":[{"k":"mc","label":"Cargo","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":0.5,"max":8,"step":0.1,"def":3.5,"group":"Cargo","roles":["cargo","supplies"]}],"kind":"capsule","fixed":{"crew":0}},
{"id":"modular-low-orbit-space-station","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Modular low-orbit space station","short":"Many pressurised modules on a long truss","blurb":"Modules launched one at a time are joined into a laboratory the length of a football pitch, with acres of solar wings on a central truss. Water recovery keeps resupply manageable for a crew of six. The International Space Station is built this way.","aliases":["space station","modular space station","modular station","low-orbit space station","orbital station","truss station"],"commands":["space station for 6 crew at 410 km, 90 kW","modular space station with 900 m³"],"tpl":"HAB","kind":"orbit","example":"International Space Station"},
{"id":"single-module-space-station","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Single-module space station","short":"One large module with docking ports","blurb":"A single module launched in one piece, with docking ports for crew and cargo ships: small, but a complete home in orbit for a few people. Salyut and Tiangong-1 were stations of this kind.","aliases":["single-module station","single module station","single-module space station","small space station","small orbital station","salyut-class station"],"commands":["single-module station for 3 crew at 370 km","small space station with 90 m³"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[3,1,6],"V":[90,20,200],"h":[370],"pw":[5],"r":[2.1],"t":[4],"closure":[50],"days":[60]},"kind":"orbit"},
{"id":"lunar-orbital-gateway-station","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Lunar orbital gateway station","short":"A small station in a high orbit around the Moon","blurb":"A small station in a long, looping orbit over the Moon's poles, always in view of Earth: a staging post where crews from Earth change to landers. Gateway is planned this way.","aliases":["gateway station","lunar gateway","lunar orbital station","moon orbit station","lunar orbital gateway","cislunar station"],"commands":["gateway station for 4 crew, 60 kW","lunar orbital station with 125 m³"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[4,1,6],"V":[125,20,300],"h":[3000,100,10000],"pw":[60],"r":[2.2],"t":[4.8],"closure":[90],"days":[30]},"kind":"orbit","body":"Moon","apolune_km":70000,"example":"Gateway"},
{"id":"inflatable-habitat-module","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Inflatable habitat module","short":"A soft-walled module that expands in orbit","blurb":"Launched folded, it inflates in orbit to several times its launch volume; layers of woven high-strength fabric carry the pressure, while foam and shielding layers stop micrometeoroids. BEAM has been attached to the ISS since 2016.","aliases":["inflatable habitat","inflatable module","expandable habitat","soft-walled module","inflatable station module","expandable module"],"commands":["inflatable habitat with 330 m³ for 6 crew","inflatable module, 3 mm restraint layer"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[6,1,12],"V":[330,16,500],"h":[400],"pw":[20],"r":[3.35],"t":[3],"closure":[90],"days":[90]},"kind":"orbit","wall":"fabric","example":"BEAM"},
{"id":"rotating-artificial-gravity-habitat","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Rotating artificial-gravity habitat","short":"A spinning ring giving weight to the crew","blurb":"A ring a hundred metres in radius turning twice a minute gives its crew half their Earth weight, sparing the bone and muscle loss of weightlessness. Spin too fast and the Coriolis force makes heads swim; too small and feet feel heavier than heads.","aliases":["artificial gravity habitat","rotating habitat","spinning station","artificial-gravity ring","rotating space station","spin gravity habitat"],"commands":["artificial gravity habitat with 100 m spin radius at 0.5 Earth g","rotating habitat for 8 crew"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[8,1,12],"V":[2000,100,3000],"h":[500],"pw":[100],"r":[3],"t":[5],"closure":[95],"days":[180]},"add":[{"k":"rs","label":"Spin radius","unit":"m","dim":"length","min":10,"max":1000,"step":1,"def":100,"group":"Spin","roles":["radius","spin radius","ring"],"log":true},{"k":"gt","label":"Artificial gravity","unit":"Earth g","dim":"ratio","min":0.1,"max":1,"step":0.01,"def":0.5,"group":"Spin","roles":["gravity","g","earth g"]}],"kind":"rotating"},
{"id":"lunar-surface-habitat","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Lunar surface habitat","short":"A shielded base module on the Moon","blurb":"A module covered with a metre of lunar soil for shielding from radiation and micrometeorites, at a polar site with long sunlight. The two-week lunar night is the hardest part of the power design.","aliases":["lunar habitat","moon base","lunar surface habitat","moon habitat","lunar base module","base on the moon"],"commands":["lunar habitat for 4 crew, 15 kW","moon base with 100 m³"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[4],"V":[100,20,1000],"pw":[15],"r":[2.5],"t":[4],"closure":[90],"days":[180]},"drop":["h"],"kind":"surface","body":"Moon","regolith_m":1.0,"fixed":{"h":0}},
{"id":"mars-surface-habitat","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Mars surface habitat","short":"A long-stay habitat on Mars","blurb":"A home for a crew staying around 500 days between launch windows: high recycling closure, a solar or nuclear power plant and regolith shielding. Dust storms can dim the Sun for weeks.","aliases":["mars habitat","mars base","mars surface habitat","habitat on mars","martian habitat","mars outpost"],"commands":["mars habitat for 6 crew, 500 days","mars base with 30 kW"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[6],"V":[200,20,1500],"pw":[30],"r":[3],"t":[4],"closure":[95],"days":[500]},"drop":["h"],"kind":"surface","body":"Mars","regolith_m":0.5,"fixed":{"h":0}},
{"id":"airlock-module","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Airlock module","short":"A chamber for leaving and re-entering the station","blurb":"Astronauts suit up inside, close the hatch and pump the air back into the station before opening the outer hatch to vacuum; whatever air the pumps miss is lost to space on every spacewalk.","aliases":["airlock","airlock module","station airlock","crew lock","spacewalk airlock","eva airlock"],"commands":["airlock with a 4 m³ crew lock, pumped to 90%","airlock module for 2 crew"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[2,1,4],"V":[34,5,100],"h":[400],"pw":[1],"r":[2],"t":[4],"closure":[90],"days":[7]},"add":[{"k":"va","label":"Crew lock volume","unit":"m³","dim":"volume","min":1,"max":20,"step":0.5,"def":4,"group":"Airlock","roles":["crew lock","lock volume"]},{"k":"pump","label":"Air pumped back","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":0,"max":99,"step":1,"def":90,"group":"Airlock","roles":["pumped","pump down"]}],"kind":"airlock","evas_per_year":20},
{"id":"life-support-module","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Life-support module","short":"Recycles air and water for the crew","blurb":"Racks of equipment turn urine and sweat back into drinking water, split water into oxygen and remove carbon dioxide; heavy hardware that pays for itself in months by cutting the supplies that must be launched.","aliases":["life support module","life-support module","eclss module","recycling module","life support system","regenerative life support"],"commands":["life support module for 6 crew with 93% water recovery","recycling module, 90 day resupply"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[6],"V":[75,10,200],"h":[400],"pw":[10],"r":[2.2],"t":[4.8],"closure":[93],"days":[90]},"kind":"lifesupport","system_kg":7000},
{"id":"space-greenhouse","archetype":"HAB","category":"Space stations and habitats","name":"Space greenhouse","short":"A plant growth chamber for food and oxygen","blurb":"Lettuce, wheat and potatoes under LED lamps turn the crew's carbon dioxide back into oxygen and food; feeding a crew entirely takes far more growing area and power than any spacecraft has had so far.","aliases":["space greenhouse","greenhouse","plant growth chamber","space farm","growth chamber","orbital greenhouse"],"commands":["space greenhouse with 40 m² of growing area","greenhouse for 4 crew"],"tpl":"HAB","set":{"crew":[4],"V":[50,10,300],"h":[400],"pw":[30],"r":[2.2],"t":[4],"closure":[90],"days":[90]},"add":[{"k":"ga","label":"Growing area","unit":"m²","dim":"area","min":1,"max":400,"step":1,"def":40,"group":"Plants","roles":["growing area","area"]}],"kind":"greenhouse"},
{"id":"extravehicular-spacesuit","archetype":"SUIT","category":"Spacesuits and EVA","name":"Extravehicular spacesuit","short":"A rigid-torso suit with backpack life support for spacewalks","blurb":"A hard upper torso, soft layered arms and legs, gloves with silicone fingertips, and a backpack that supplies oxygen, scrubs carbon dioxide and cools the astronaut by boiling water into space. The ISS spacesuit has supported hundreds of spacewalks.","aliases":["spacesuit","space suit","extravehicular suit","spacewalk suit","eva suit","extravehicular spacesuit"],"commands":["spacesuit at 29.6 kPa for a 7 hour spacewalk","eva suit with 0.6 kg oxygen at 350 W"],"tpl":"SUIT","kind":"eva","p_el":50,"scrub_kg":1.5},
{"id":"launch-and-entry-pressure-suit","archetype":"SUIT","category":"Spacesuits and EVA","name":"Launch and entry pressure suit","short":"A soft suit worn inside the capsule during ascent and return","blurb":"A lightweight suit worn in the seat during launch and landing, plugged into the cabin's oxygen; if the cabin leaks it inflates and keeps the crew alive until the spacecraft lands.","aliases":["launch and entry suit","pressure suit","launch suit","entry suit","intravehicular suit","flight suit"],"commands":["launch and entry suit at 27 kPa, 2 hours","pressure suit with 1 kg of oxygen"],"tpl":"SUIT","set":{"p":[27],"met":[150],"dur":[2],"o2":[1.0],"bat":[0.1]},"drop":["water"],"kind":"ive","p_el":15,"scrub_kg":0.5,"fixed":{"water":0}},
{"id":"planetary-surface-suit","archetype":"SUIT","category":"Spacesuits and EVA","name":"Planetary surface suit","short":"A dust-resistant suit for walking on the Moon or Mars","blurb":"Built for walking, kneeling and digging: higher pressure so no prebreathing is needed, bearings at hips and waist for mobility, and seals against abrasive dust. Every kilogram weighs on the astronaut in lunar gravity.","aliases":["surface suit","planetary suit","moonwalking suit","lunar spacesuit","planetary surface suit","walking suit"],"commands":["surface suit at 57 kPa for 8 hours on the Moon","planetary suit with 1.2 kg oxygen"],"tpl":"SUIT","set":{"p":[58],"met":[400],"dur":[8],"o2":[1.2],"water":[6],"bat":[1.5]},"kind":"eva","body":"Moon","fixed":{"mass":120},"p_el":90,"scrub_kg":1.5},
{"id":"portable-life-support-backpack","archetype":"SUIT","category":"Spacesuits and EVA","name":"Portable life-support backpack","short":"Oxygen, CO₂ scrubbing, cooling water and power for a suit","blurb":"The backpack is a spacecraft in itself: oxygen bottles and regulators, a fan, a carbon-dioxide scrubber, a water loop through the undergarment and a sublimator that rejects the heat by freezing and boiling water into vacuum.","aliases":["life support backpack","portable life support","plss","suit backpack","life-support backpack","spacesuit backpack"],"commands":["life support backpack with 0.75 kg oxygen for 8 hours","suit backpack at 350 W"],"tpl":"SUIT","set":{"met":[350],"dur":[8],"o2":[0.75],"water":[5.4],"bat":[0.6]},"kind":"eva","p_el":50,"scrub_kg":1.8},
{"id":"crewed-manoeuvring-jetpack","archetype":"SUIT","category":"Spacesuits and EVA","name":"Crewed manoeuvring jetpack","short":"A nitrogen-jet backpack for free-flying spacewalks","blurb":"A backpack with 24 small nitrogen jets lets an astronaut fly untethered: hand controllers fire them in pairs to move and turn. In 1984 an astronaut flew one a hundred metres from the Shuttle.","aliases":["jetpack","manoeuvring jetpack","maneuvering unit","manned manoeuvring unit","spacewalk jetpack","nitrogen jetpack"],"commands":["jetpack with 11.8 kg of nitrogen, 50 m trip","manoeuvring jetpack, 7.6 N jets"],"tpl":"SUIT_mmu","kind":"mmu","pack_kg":148},
{"id":"deployable-solar-array-wing","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Deployable solar array wing","short":"Folding panels unfolded in orbit for power","blurb":"Panels of solar cells fold like an accordion for launch and unfold in orbit into wings tens of metres long, turned to follow the Sun. In low orbit a third of every orbit is in shadow, so the array must also recharge the batteries.","aliases":["solar array","solar wing","solar array wing","deployable solar array","solar panels","power wing"],"commands":["solar array for 30 kW at 400 km","solar wing with 32% cells, 15 year life"],"tpl":"SPW_array","kind":"array","wing_width_m":5},
{"id":"radioisotope-thermoelectric-generator","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Radioisotope thermoelectric generator","short":"Heat from radioactive decay turned into electricity","blurb":"Pellets of plutonium-238 dioxide glow with decay heat; thermocouples around them turn a few per cent into electricity and fins radiate the rest. No moving parts, and power for decades far from the Sun. Curiosity and Perseverance run on generators like this.","aliases":["rtg","radioisotope generator","radioisotope thermoelectric generator","nuclear battery","plutonium generator","radioisotope power"],"commands":["rtg with 110 W at 6.3% efficiency","radioisotope generator, 300 W for 20 years"],"tpl":"SPW_nuc","kind":"rtg","w_per_kg":2.4},
{"id":"space-fission-power-reactor","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Space fission power reactor","short":"A small reactor for high-power deep-space missions","blurb":"A uranium core the size of a paper-towel roll, Stirling engines turning its heat into electricity, and radiators shedding the rest, all on a boom behind a shadow shield. It gives kilowatts anywhere, night or day.","aliases":["fission reactor","space reactor","nuclear reactor","space fission reactor","kilopower reactor","fission power"],"commands":["fission reactor with 10 kW at 25% efficiency","space reactor, 40 kW for 10 years"],"tpl":"SPW_nuc","set":{"pw":{"def":10,"min":1,"max":1000,"unit":"kW","step":0.5},"eff":[25],"trad":[400]},"drop":["ageing"],"add":[{"k":"thot","label":"Hot-end temperature","unit":"K","dim":"temperature","min":600,"max":1500,"step":10,"def":1100,"group":"Conversion","roles":["hot end","core temperature"]}],"kind":"reactor"},
{"id":"space-station-robotic-arm","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Space station robotic arm","short":"A long arm that grapples and moves modules and vehicles","blurb":"Seventeen metres of booms and seven joints move whole modules and capture visiting cargo ships; in weightlessness the arm holds tens of tonnes, but must move them a centimetre or two per second so it can stop them. Canadarm2 works on the ISS this way.","aliases":["robotic arm","station robotic arm","space station arm","canadarm-class arm","space arm","manipulator arm"],"commands":["robotic arm moving 20 t at 2 cm/s","station robotic arm with 7.6 m booms"],"tpl":"SPW_arm","kind":"arm","torque_limit":1000,"example":"Canadarm2"},
{"id":"humanoid-space-robot","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Humanoid space robot","short":"A robot with human-like hands for routine tasks","blurb":"A robot torso with dexterous hands that can use the same tools and handholds as astronauts, taking over routine chores. Robonaut 2 worked on the ISS from 2011.","aliases":["humanoid robot","humanoid space robot","robonaut-class robot","space humanoid","dexterous robot","robot astronaut"],"commands":["humanoid robot holding 5 kg","humanoid space robot with 0.35 m arm links"],"tpl":"SPW_arm","set":{"l1":[0.35,0.2,1],"l2":[0.35,0.2,1],"mp":[5,0.5,20],"v":[50,5,200],"tstop":[0.5],"wpm":[6,2,30]},"kind":"humanoid","g":9.81,"torque_limit":60,"example":"Robonaut"},
{"id":"reaction-wheel-assembly","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Reaction wheel assembly","short":"Spinning wheels that turn a spacecraft without propellant","blurb":"An electric motor speeds up or slows down a heavy rotor, and the spacecraft turns the other way; three or four wheels point a spacecraft in any direction with no propellant, until outside torques fill them up and they must be unloaded.","aliases":["reaction wheel","reaction wheels","reaction wheel assembly","momentum wheel","attitude wheel","pointing wheel"],"commands":["reaction wheel for a spacecraft of inertia 3000, 30 degree slew in 120 s","reaction wheels at 6000 rpm"],"tpl":"SPW_att","kind":"wheel"},
{"id":"control-moment-gyroscope","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Control moment gyroscope","short":"A large gimballed wheel for steering big spacecraft","blurb":"A rotor spinning at constant speed is tilted on a gimbal; the gyroscopic reaction turns the spacecraft with far more torque than the gimbal motor puts in. Four of them hold the ISS steady.","aliases":["control moment gyroscope","cmg","gyroscope","control moment gyro","gimballed wheel","station gyroscope"],"commands":["control moment gyroscope for a station of inertia 2e7","cmg at 6600 rpm"],"tpl":"SPW_att","set":{"I":[20000000],"slew":[10],"ts":[1800],"h":[400],"area":[2000],"cp":[1],"rpm":[6600],"rw":[0.35]},"kind":"cmg","gimbal_rad_s":0.05},
{"id":"orbital-propellant-depot","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Orbital propellant depot","short":"Stores and transfers cryogenic propellant in orbit","blurb":"A large insulated tank in low orbit is filled by tanker flights and refuels departing spacecraft. The challenge is keeping cryogenic propellant from boiling away in sunlight for months.","aliases":["propellant depot","fuel depot","orbital depot","orbital propellant depot","refuelling depot","cryogenic depot"],"commands":["propellant depot holding 1000 t","fuel depot with 0.1% boil-off per day for 100 days"],"tpl":"SPW_veh","set":{"m_dry":[40000],"mp":[2000],"isp":[375],"h1":[300],"h2":[300]},"drop":["mc"],"add":[{"k":"cap","label":"Propellant stored","unit":"t","dim":"mass","min":10,"max":2000,"step":10,"def":1000,"group":"Depot","roles":["stored","capacity","holding"]},{"k":"boil","label":"Boil-off per day","unit":"%","dim":"percent","min":0.01,"max":2,"step":0.01,"def":0.1,"group":"Depot","roles":["boil-off","boil off"]},{"k":"days","label":"Storage time","unit":"days","dim":"time","min":1,"max":1000,"step":1,"def":100,"group":"Depot","roles":["days","for"]}],"kind":"depot","fixed":{"mc":0}},
{"id":"satellite-servicing-tug","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Satellite servicing tug","short":"Docks with satellites to refuel, repair or move them","blurb":"A small spacecraft flies up to an ageing satellite, docks to it and takes over its station keeping, or tows it to a graveyard orbit at the end of its life. Mission Extension Vehicles have extended the lives of geostationary satellites this way.","aliases":["servicing tug","satellite servicing","space tug","mission extension vehicle","servicing spacecraft","satellite servicing tug"],"commands":["servicing tug for a 2500 kg satellite at 35786 km","space tug moving a 2000 kg satellite"],"tpl":"SPW_veh","kind":"tug"},
{"id":"space-debris-removal-craft","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Space debris removal craft","short":"Captures and deorbits dead satellites","blurb":"A chaser grabs a tumbling dead satellite, with arms, a net or a docking plate, and fires its engine to lower both into the atmosphere, where they burn up together.","aliases":["debris removal","space debris removal","debris removal craft","deorbit craft","space junk remover","active debris removal"],"commands":["debris removal craft for an 800 kg satellite at 800 km","space debris removal with 250 kg of propellant"],"tpl":"SPW_veh","set":{"m_dry":[500],"mp":[250],"isp":[230,200,330],"mc":[800],"h1":[800],"h2":[50]},"kind":"debris"},
{"id":"deep-space-ground-antenna","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Deep-space ground antenna","short":"A 34 to 70 m dish tracking distant probes","blurb":"Huge dishes on three continents keep in touch with probes across the Solar System, listening with receivers cooled close to absolute zero for signals weaker than a billionth of a billionth of a watt.","aliases":["ground antenna","deep-space antenna","deep space ground antenna","tracking dish","ground station dish","deep space network dish"],"commands":["ground antenna 34 m at 8.4 GHz, probe 10 AU away","deep-space antenna 70 m listening to a 20 W probe"],"tpl":"SPW_ant","kind":"antenna"},
{"id":"spacecraft-radiator-panel","archetype":"SPW","category":"Space infrastructure and power","name":"Spacecraft radiator panel","short":"Rejects waste heat to space","blurb":"Coolant pipes run through a panel painted white or covered in silvered film; it glows in the infrared and carries the spacecraft's waste heat away into space, its size set by temperature to the fourth power.","aliases":["radiator panel","spacecraft radiator","radiator","heat radiator","thermal radiator","radiator for spacecraft"],"commands":["radiator panel for 5 kW at 290 K","spacecraft radiator with emissivity 0.9"],"tpl":"SPW_rad","kind":"radiator"}
]}